First author | Year | Country | Associated factors | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Folic acid | UCI | LCI | ||||
Gedefaw et al. [2] | 2018 | Ethiopia | Â | 0.47 | 0.95 | 0.23 |
Bourouba et al. [4] | 2018 | Algeria | Â | 0.24 | 1.15 | 0.03 |
Anyanwu et al. [6] | 2015 | Nigeria | Â | 0.36 | 19.27 | 0.03 |
Atlaw et al. [18] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Â | 0.095 | 0.29 | 0.001 |
Berihu et al. [19] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Â | 0.48 | 1.04 | 0.2 |
2015 | Tunisia | Â | 1.19 | 2.44 | 0.58 | |
Nasri et al. [23] | 2016 | Tunisia | Â | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.04 |
Pooled/net odds ratio | 0.51 | 2.29 | 0.11 | |||
Consanguineous marriage | ||||||
 Atlaw et al. [18] | 2019 | Ethiopia |  | 5.54 | 20.9 | 1.47 |
2015 | Tunisia | Â | 2.09 | 6.1 | 0.76 | |
 Kitova et al. [22] | 2013 | Tunisia |  | 2.46 | 6.37 | 0.95 |
 Nasri et al. [23] | 2016 | Tunisia |  | 2.59 | 11.9 | 0.69 |
2015 | Tunisia | Â | 1.27 | 4.59 | 0.35 | |
Pooled/net odds ratio | 2.41 | 18.47 | 0.31 | |||
Male newborn | ||||||
 Gedefaw et al. [2] | 2018 | Ethiopia |  | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.33 |
 Nasri et al. [3] | 2014 | Tunisia |  | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.59 |
 Anyanwu et al. [6] | 2015 | Nigeria |  | 0.92 | 12.77 | 0.07 |
 Houchar et al. [7] | 2008 | Algeria |  | 0.7 | 0.92 | 0.52 |
 Atlaw et al. [18] | 2019 | Ethiopia |  | 0.72 | 1.37 | 0.38 |
 Aynalem et al. [20] | 2018 | Ethiopia |  | 0.58 | 1.14 | 0.3 |
2015 | Tunisia | Â | 0.49 | 1.27 | 0.19 | |
Pooled/net odds ratio | 0.67 | 1.06 | 0.42 | |||
Substance abuse during pregnancy | ||||||
 Atlaw et al. [18] | 2019 | Ethiopia |  | 11.08 | 62.7 | 1.96 |
 Berihu et al. [19] | 2019 | Ethiopia |  | 10.3 | 88.5 | 1.19 |
 Aynalem et al. [20] | 2018 | Ethiopia |  | 0.56 | 1.5 | 0.21 |
Pooled/net odds ratio | 1.52 | 33.28 | 0.07 |