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Table 3 Summary of studies included in the meta-analysis for association with neural tube defects, 2020

From: Birth prevalence of neural tube defects and associated risk factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author

Year

Country

Associated factors

Odds ratio

95% confidence interval

Folic acid

UCI

LCI

Gedefaw et al. [2]

2018

Ethiopia

 

0.47

0.95

0.23

Bourouba et al. [4]

2018

Algeria

 

0.24

1.15

0.03

Anyanwu et al. [6]

2015

Nigeria

 

0.36

19.27

0.03

Atlaw et al. [18]

2019

Ethiopia

 

0.095

0.29

0.001

Berihu et al. [19]

2019

Ethiopia

 

0.48

1.04

0.2

Nasri et al. [8, 21]

2015

Tunisia

 

1.19

2.44

0.58

Nasri et al. [23]

2016

Tunisia

 

0.15

0.44

0.04

Pooled/net odds ratio

0.51

2.29

0.11

Consanguineous marriage

 Atlaw et al. [18]

2019

Ethiopia

 

5.54

20.9

1.47

 Nasri et al. [8, 21]

2015

Tunisia

 

2.09

6.1

0.76

 Kitova et al. [22]

2013

Tunisia

 

2.46

6.37

0.95

 Nasri et al. [23]

2016

Tunisia

 

2.59

11.9

0.69

 Nasri et al. [8, 21]

2015

Tunisia

 

1.27

4.59

0.35

Pooled/net odds ratio

2.41

18.47

0.31

Male newborn

 Gedefaw et al. [2]

2018

Ethiopia

 

0.56

0.94

0.33

 Nasri et al. [3]

2014

Tunisia

 

0.68

0.79

0.59

 Anyanwu et al. [6]

2015

Nigeria

 

0.92

12.77

0.07

 Houchar et al. [7]

2008

Algeria

 

0.7

0.92

0.52

 Atlaw et al. [18]

2019

Ethiopia

 

0.72

1.37

0.38

 Aynalem et al. [20]

2018

Ethiopia

 

0.58

1.14

0.3

 Nasri et al. [8, 21]

2015

Tunisia

 

0.49

1.27

0.19

Pooled/net odds ratio

0.67

1.06

0.42

Substance abuse during pregnancy

 Atlaw et al. [18]

2019

Ethiopia

 

11.08

62.7

1.96

 Berihu et al. [19]

2019

Ethiopia

 

10.3

88.5

1.19

 Aynalem et al. [20]

2018

Ethiopia

 

0.56

1.5

0.21

Pooled/net odds ratio

1.52

33.28

0.07

  1. Key: The different numbers of articles in different analysis/variables is due to a lack of similarity in studies reporting the risk factors