N | Communication | p-value | Gross motor | p-value | Fine motor | p-value | Problem-solving | p-value | Personal-social | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multivariate-adjusted standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Multivariate-adjusted standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Multivariate-adjusted standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Multivariate-adjusted standardized mean difference (95% CI) | Multivariate-adjusted standardized mean difference (95% CI) | |||||||
Neonatal care factorsa | |||||||||||
Extended in-patient stay after birtha | |||||||||||
NICU or Incubator | 251 | − 0.21 (− 0.41, − 0.01) | 0.04 | − 0.43 (− 0.77, − 0.09) | 0.01 | −0.38 (− 0.65, − 0.11) | 0.006 | − 0.17 (− 0.42, 0.07) | 0.17 | −0.22 (− 0.41, − 0.03) | 0.02 |
Nursery | 274 | − 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.11) | 0.83 | −0.02 (− 0.13, 0.09) | 0.72 | −0.02 (− 0.24, 0.19) | 0.81 | − 0.13 (− 0.29, 0.01) | 0.08 | 0 (− 0.13, 0.14) | 0.98 |
Routine Discharge | 2984 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Need for resuscitation after birtha (Reference: no) | |||||||||||
Yes | 36 | −0.43 (− 0.83, − 0.03) | 0.03 | − 0.56 (− 1.45, 0.32) | 0.21 | − 0.78 (− 1.3, − 0.25) | 0.004 | −0.14 (− 0.77, 0.47) | 0.64 | − 0.46 (− 0.95, 0.02) | 0.06 |
Antibiotics after birth (neonatal infection)b (Reference: no) | |||||||||||
Yes | 191 | −0.18 (− 0.43, 0.07) | 0.16 | − 0.34 (− 0.72, 0.04) | 0.08 | −0.32 (− 0.6, − 0.05) | 0.02 | −0.28 (− 0.5, − 0.07) | 0.01 | −0.19 (− 0.44, 0.05) | 0.13 |
Breastfed within the first hour of lifec (Reference: yes) | |||||||||||
No | 732 | −0.1 (− 0.24, 0.03) | 0.13 | − 0.3 (− 0.51, − 0.09) | 0.005 | −0.16 (− 0.41, 0.08) | 0.20 | −0.06 (− 0.21, 0.08) | 0.39 | −0.21 (− 0.37, − 0.06) | 0.007 |