Table 3 Available screening tests for visual impairment [4, 5]
Visual impairment | Type of tests | Screening tests |
|---|---|---|
Visual acuity | Optotypes | Picture identification tests HOTV eye test Snellen Tumbling E |
Strabismus | Ocular alignment tests | Hirschberg test (corneal light reflex test) Cover-uncover test (cross cover test) Bruckner test (red reflex test) |
Anisometropia | Stereoacuity test | Stereo Smile Random Dot E TNO |
Refractive errors | Instrument-based screening | Photorefraction Autorefractive screening (computerized systems that allow objective assessment of refractive errors) |
Multiple | Instrument-based screening | Photo-screening (digitalized image) |