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Table 1 Characteristics of newborn and maternal demographic data and infants body composition

From: Body composition in term offspring after maternal gestational diabetes does not predict postnatal hypoglycemia

  

Study cohort

GDM

n = 40

Reference cohort

n = 271

All singleton infants > 37 weeks

n = 2225a

Infant characteristics at birth

 Female

n (%)

18 (45%)

153 (57%)

1099 (49%)

 Gestational age at birth (weeks)

Median (Q1, Q3)

39.7 (38.6–40.3)

39.9 (39.0–40.4)

39.7 (38.9–40.4)

 SDS Birth weight

Median (Q1, Q3)

0.24*# (− 0.24–0,86)

-0.07 (−0.62–0.59)

− 0.05 (− 0.65–0.59)

 Birth weight (g)

Median (Q1, Q3)

3520 (3188–3760)

3420 (3050–3675)

3370 (3080–3680)

 Birth length (cm)

Median (Q1, Q3)

52 (50–53)

51 (50–52)

51 (50–52)

 Birth head circumference (cm)

Median (Q1, Q3)

35 (34–37)

35 (34–36)

35.0 (34–36)

Maternal characteristics

 Age at delivery (years)

Median (Q1, Q3)

33.9 (29.0–38.8)

32.6 (29.2–35.9)

 

 Pre-pregnancy weight (kg)

Median (Q1, Q3)

75* (66–84)

63 (57–72)

 

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

Median (Q1, Q3)

26.7 * (23.7–31.6)

22.5 (20.6–25.2)

 

 Pre-pregnancy BMI categories

n (%)

   

  Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

 

2 (5%)b

7 (3%)

 

  Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9)

 

11 (28%)b

193 (71%)

 

  Overweight (BMI 25–30)

 

15 (38%)b

46 (17%)

 

  Obese (BMI > 30)

 

12 (30%)b

25 (9%)

 

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

Median (Q1, Q3)

12.0 (8.0–17.6)

14.0 (11.0–18.0)

 

 Gestational weight gain categoriesd

n (%)

   

  Insufficient

 

10 (25%)

55 (20%)

 

  Adequate

 

9 (23%)

100 (37%)

 

  Excessive

 

21 (53%)

116 (43%)

 

 Nulliparous

n (%)

19 (48%)

149 (55%)

 

 Parity

Mean (SD)

1.7 (0.8)

1.6 (0.8)

 

 Vaginal Delivery

n (%)

22 (55%)

175 (64%)

 

 Pregnancy-induced hypertension

n (%)

6 (15%)*

7 (3%)

 

 Familial predisposition for hypertension or diabetes mellitus

n (%)

16 (40%)*

45 (17%)

 

 Plasma glucose 75 g oGTT (mg/dl) Fasting

Median (Q1, Q3)

94* (91–99)

79c (75–84)

 

  1 h

 

174* (143–185)

125 c (107–145)

 

  2 h

 

142* (107–171)

100 c (88–111)

 

  AUC (mg/dl*min)

 

17340* (15255–18,731)

12,930 (11610–14,378)

 

 Therapy of GDM

n (%)

 

 

  No therapy

 

6 (15%)

  

  Diet

 

20 (50%)

  

  Insulin therapy

 

14 (35%)

  

Infants’ Characteristics at measurement

 Postnatal age (h)

Median (Q1, Q3)

42.5 (34.3–52.3)

42.0 (29.2–56.0)

 

 Weight loss since birth (g)

Median (Q1, Q3)

179 (114–244)

185 (132–247)

 

 Weight (g)

Median (Q1, Q3)

3332 (3042–3619)

3218 (2887–3488)

 

Infants’ body composition

 Fat free mass (g)

Median (Q1, Q3)

2909 (2669–3148)

2843 (2606–3099)

 

 BF (%)

Median (Q1, Q3)

11.4* (9.7–15.0)

10.8 (7.7–13.4)

 

 Fat mass (g)

Median (Q1, Q3)

370* (286–512)

333 (226–443)

 
  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, SD standard deviation, oGTT oral glucose tolerance test
  2. *GDM cohort significantly different from reference cohort [25]
  3. #SDS birth weight in all singleton, healthy term infants > 37 wk. born in recruitment period and not recruited to this study was significantly different from GDM cohort (p = 0.05)
  4. a All singleton, healthy, term infants > 37 weeks born in the recruitment period at Tübingen Women’s Hospital excluding study participants n = 2225. Data retrospectively extracted without identifiers from the hospital quality assurance database
  5. b GDM cohort significantly different from reference cohort (underweight/normal vs. overweight/obese, Fishers’s exact test, p < 0.0001)
  6. c In the reference group, results of the 75 g oGTT were available in 64 cases
  7. d Gestational weight gain categories, classified according to the Institute of Medicine recommendations 2009 taking the pre-pregnancy BMI into account