Study cohort GDM n = 40 | Reference cohort n = 271 | All singleton infants > 37 weeks n = 2225a | ||
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Infant characteristics at birth | ||||
Female | n (%) | 18 (45%) | 153 (57%) | 1099 (49%) |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 39.7 (38.6–40.3) | 39.9 (39.0–40.4) | 39.7 (38.9–40.4) |
SDS Birth weight | Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.24*# (− 0.24–0,86) | -0.07 (−0.62–0.59) | − 0.05 (− 0.65–0.59) |
Birth weight (g) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 3520 (3188–3760) | 3420 (3050–3675) | 3370 (3080–3680) |
Birth length (cm) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 52 (50–53) | 51 (50–52) | 51 (50–52) |
Birth head circumference (cm) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 35 (34–37) | 35 (34–36) | 35.0 (34–36) |
Maternal characteristics | ||||
Age at delivery (years) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 33.9 (29.0–38.8) | 32.6 (29.2–35.9) | |
Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 75* (66–84) | 63 (57–72) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 26.7 * (23.7–31.6) | 22.5 (20.6–25.2) | |
Pre-pregnancy BMI categories | n (%) | |||
Underweight (BMI < 18.5) | 2 (5%)b | 7 (3%) | ||
Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9) | 11 (28%)b | 193 (71%) | ||
Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 15 (38%)b | 46 (17%) | ||
Obese (BMI > 30) | 12 (30%)b | 25 (9%) | ||
Gestational weight gain (kg) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 12.0 (8.0–17.6) | 14.0 (11.0–18.0) | |
Gestational weight gain categoriesd | n (%) | |||
Insufficient | 10 (25%) | 55 (20%) | ||
Adequate | 9 (23%) | 100 (37%) | ||
Excessive | 21 (53%) | 116 (43%) | ||
Nulliparous | n (%) | 19 (48%) | 149 (55%) | |
Parity | Mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (0.8) | |
Vaginal Delivery | n (%) | 22 (55%) | 175 (64%) | |
Pregnancy-induced hypertension | n (%) | 6 (15%)* | 7 (3%) | |
Familial predisposition for hypertension or diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 16 (40%)* | 45 (17%) | |
Plasma glucose 75 g oGTT (mg/dl) Fasting | Median (Q1, Q3) | 94* (91–99) | 79c (75–84) | |
1 h | 174* (143–185) | 125 c (107–145) | ||
2 h | 142* (107–171) | 100 c (88–111) | ||
AUC (mg/dl*min) | 17340* (15255–18,731) | 12,930 (11610–14,378) | ||
Therapy of GDM | n (%) | – | ||
No therapy | 6 (15%) | |||
Diet | 20 (50%) | |||
Insulin therapy | 14 (35%) | |||
Infants’ Characteristics at measurement | ||||
Postnatal age (h) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 42.5 (34.3–52.3) | 42.0 (29.2–56.0) | |
Weight loss since birth (g) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 179 (114–244) | 185 (132–247) | |
Weight (g) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 3332 (3042–3619) | 3218 (2887–3488) | |
Infants’ body composition | ||||
Fat free mass (g) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 2909 (2669–3148) | 2843 (2606–3099) | |
BF (%) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 11.4* (9.7–15.0) | 10.8 (7.7–13.4) | |
Fat mass (g) | Median (Q1, Q3) | 370* (286–512) | 333 (226–443) |