From: Burden and consequence of birth defects in Nepal-evidence from prospective cohort study
Variables | Birth defect | No Birth defect | Total | cOR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of mother (n=87,112) | |||||
 < 20 years | 47 (9.3%) | 6604 (7.6%) | 6651 (7.6%) | 1.25 (0.93–1.69) | 0.15 |
 20–35 years | 442 (87.4%) | 77,722 (89.7%) | 78,164 (89.7%) | Ref |  |
 > 35 years | 17 (3.4%) | 2280 (2.6%) | 2297 (2.6%) | 1.31 (0.81–2.13) | 0.28 |
Literacy (n=66,949) | |||||
 Illiterate | 19 (6.0%) | 3063 (4.6%) | 3082 (4.6%) | 1.31 (0.83–2.1) | 0.249 |
 Literate | 300 (94.0%) | 63,567 (95.4%) | 63,867 (95.4%) | Ref |  |
Ethnicity (n=87,112) | |||||
 Brahmin/Chhetri (relatively advantaged group) | 131 (25.9%) | 33,897 (39.1%) | 34,057 (39.1%) | Ref |  |
 Others (relatively disadvantaged group) | 375 (74.1%) | 52,709 (60.9%) | 53,147 (60.9%) | 1.84 (1.51–2.25) | < 0.001 |
Smoking (n=66,949) | |||||
 No | 297 (93.1%) | 60,869 (91.4%) | 61,166 (91.4%) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 22 (6.9%) | 5761 (8.6%) | 5783 (8.6%) | 0.78 (0.51–1.21) | 0.268 |
Type of fuel (n=66,722) | |||||
 Polluted | 142 (45.1%) | 16,283 (24.5%) | 16,425 (24.6%) | 2.53 (2.02–3.16) | < 0.001 |
 Clean | 173 (54.9%) | 50,124 (75.5%) | 50,297 (75.4%) | Ref |  |
Sex of the baby (n=87,112) | |||||
 Boy | 239 (47.2%) | 46,836 (54.1%) | 47,129 (54.0%) | Ref |  |
 Girl | 267 (52.8%) | 39,770 (45.9%) | 40,037 (46.0%) | 1.32 (1.10–1.57) | 0.002 |
Parity (n=87,101) | |||||
 Nullipara | 172 (34.1%) | 39,882 (46.1%) | 40,054 (46.0%) | Ref |  |
 Primipara | 183 (36.2%) | 30,472 (35.2%) | 30,655 (35.2%) | 1.39 (1.13–1.72) | 0.002 |
 Multipara | 150 (29.7%) | 16,242 (18.8%) | 16,392 (18.8%) | 2.14 (1.72–2.67) | < 0.001 |
ANC check-up by doctor/nurse (n=66,949) | |||||
 Yes | 316 (99.1%) | 66,015 (99.1%) | 66,331 (99.1%) | Ref |  |
 No | 3 (0.9%) | 615 (0.9%) | 618 (0.9%) | 1.02 (0.33–3.19) | 0.974 |
Time for first ANC visit (n=66,331) | |||||
 First trimester | 189 (59.8%) | 29,594 (44.8%) | 29,783 (44.9%) | 1.68 (1.15–2.46) | 0.008 |
 Second trimester | 96 (30.4%) | 28,276 (42.8%) | 28,372 (42.8%) | 0.89 (0.59–1.34) | 0.58 |
 Third trimester | 31 (9.8%) | 8145 (12.3%) | 8176 (12.3%) | Ref |  |
Severe anemia during pregnancy (n=6002) | |||||
 No | 28 (96.6%) | 5804 (97.2%) | 5832 (97.2%) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 1 (3.4%) | 169 (2.8%) | 170 (2.8%) | 1.23 (0.17–9.07) | 0.841 |
Multiple delivery (n=87,112) | |||||
 No | 495 (97.8%) | 85,667 (98.9%) | 86,162 (98.9%) | Ref |  |
 Yes | 11 (2.2%) | 939 (1.1%) | 950 (1.1%) | 2.03 (1.11–3.69) | 0.02 |