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Table 1 Socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics

From: Burden and consequence of birth defects in Nepal-evidence from prospective cohort study

Variables

Birth defect

No Birth defect

Total

cOR (95% CI)

p-value

Age of mother (n=87,112)

 < 20 years

47 (9.3%)

6604 (7.6%)

6651 (7.6%)

1.25 (0.93–1.69)

0.15

 20–35 years

442 (87.4%)

77,722 (89.7%)

78,164 (89.7%)

Ref

 

 > 35 years

17 (3.4%)

2280 (2.6%)

2297 (2.6%)

1.31 (0.81–2.13)

0.28

Literacy (n=66,949)

 Illiterate

19 (6.0%)

3063 (4.6%)

3082 (4.6%)

1.31 (0.83–2.1)

0.249

 Literate

300 (94.0%)

63,567 (95.4%)

63,867 (95.4%)

Ref

 

Ethnicity (n=87,112)

 Brahmin/Chhetri (relatively advantaged group)

131 (25.9%)

33,897 (39.1%)

34,057 (39.1%)

Ref

 

 Others (relatively disadvantaged group)

375 (74.1%)

52,709 (60.9%)

53,147 (60.9%)

1.84 (1.51–2.25)

< 0.001

Smoking (n=66,949)

 No

297 (93.1%)

60,869 (91.4%)

61,166 (91.4%)

Ref

 

 Yes

22 (6.9%)

5761 (8.6%)

5783 (8.6%)

0.78 (0.51–1.21)

0.268

Type of fuel (n=66,722)

 Polluted

142 (45.1%)

16,283 (24.5%)

16,425 (24.6%)

2.53 (2.02–3.16)

< 0.001

 Clean

173 (54.9%)

50,124 (75.5%)

50,297 (75.4%)

Ref

 

Sex of the baby (n=87,112)

 Boy

239 (47.2%)

46,836 (54.1%)

47,129 (54.0%)

Ref

 

 Girl

267 (52.8%)

39,770 (45.9%)

40,037 (46.0%)

1.32 (1.10–1.57)

0.002

Parity (n=87,101)

 Nullipara

172 (34.1%)

39,882 (46.1%)

40,054 (46.0%)

Ref

 

 Primipara

183 (36.2%)

30,472 (35.2%)

30,655 (35.2%)

1.39 (1.13–1.72)

0.002

 Multipara

150 (29.7%)

16,242 (18.8%)

16,392 (18.8%)

2.14 (1.72–2.67)

< 0.001

ANC check-up by doctor/nurse (n=66,949)

 Yes

316 (99.1%)

66,015 (99.1%)

66,331 (99.1%)

Ref

 

 No

3 (0.9%)

615 (0.9%)

618 (0.9%)

1.02 (0.33–3.19)

0.974

Time for first ANC visit (n=66,331)

 First trimester

189 (59.8%)

29,594 (44.8%)

29,783 (44.9%)

1.68 (1.15–2.46)

0.008

 Second trimester

96 (30.4%)

28,276 (42.8%)

28,372 (42.8%)

0.89 (0.59–1.34)

0.58

 Third trimester

31 (9.8%)

8145 (12.3%)

8176 (12.3%)

Ref

 

Severe anemia during pregnancy (n=6002)

 No

28 (96.6%)

5804 (97.2%)

5832 (97.2%)

Ref

 

 Yes

1 (3.4%)

169 (2.8%)

170 (2.8%)

1.23 (0.17–9.07)

0.841

Multiple delivery (n=87,112)

 No

495 (97.8%)

85,667 (98.9%)

86,162 (98.9%)

Ref

 

 Yes

11 (2.2%)

939 (1.1%)

950 (1.1%)

2.03 (1.11–3.69)

0.02

  1. cOR crude Odds Ratio