Table 1 Recommendations and sources of the evidence for preventing traffic road injuries
From: Prevention of unintentional injuries in children under five years
Recommendations | Guidelines and/or institutions recommending the intervention | Source of the evidence |
|---|---|---|
Child restraint system - Correct use of the child restraint system - Rear-facing (as long as possible) - Position in rear centre seat | - WHO 2008; European region [1] - WHO 2018; global report [6] - WHO 2009 [15] - PrevInfad 2019 (high degree of certainty that net profit is important) [5] - RCPCH 2019 [2] - CDC 2019 [16] - EuroSafe 2006 [13] | Use of child restraint system: - Arbogast 2009; cohort study [17] - Zaloshnja 2007; cohort study [18] - Elliott 2006; cohort study [19] - Sauber-Schatz 2015; cohort study [20] Rear-facing: - MAPFRE 2011; Spanish summary report [21] - McMurry 2018; cohort study [22] - Jakobsson 2005, 40-year Swedish cohort [23] - Gloyns 2008; European study commissioned by ANEC [24] Rear seat: - Lennon2008; cohort study [25] - Kallan 2008; cohort study [26] Promotion of interventions: - Ehiri 2006; Cochrane systematic review [27] |
Helmet - Use of helmet for all children, as riders and passengers in bikes and motorcycles | - WHO 2008; European region [1] - WHO 2018, global report [6] - WHO 2006 [28] - PrevInfad 2019 [5] - CDC 2019 [16]. CDC provides a set of recommendations on how to choose a helmet, how to wear it correctly, how to take care of it, and when to replace it. - USCPSTF 2013 [29]. Strong evidence for recommendation on universal motorcycle helmet laws. - EuroSafe 2006 [13] | - Owen 2012; Cochrane systematic review [30] - Liu 2008; Cochrane systematic review [31] - Macphersen 2008; Cochrane systematic review [32] - Thompson 1999; Cochrane systematic review [33] - USCPSTF 2013; review of the literature [29] |
Safety education of pedestrians - Pedestrians can increase their visibility at night - Cross the street at a designated crosswalk or intersection - Walk on a sidewalk or path; if not available, walk on the shoulder and facing traffic | - WHO 2008; European region [1] - WHO 2018, global report [6] - WHO 2013 [34] - PrevInfad 2019 [5] - RCPCH 2019 [2] - CDC 2019 [16] - NICE 2010a [35] - EuroSafe 2006 [13] | - Kwan 2009 [36] - Duperrex 2002; Cochrane systematic review [37, 38] - Turner 2004; systematic review [39] - Bunn 2003; Cochrane systematic review [40] |