From: A scoping review of methods for assessment of sex differentials in early childhood mortality
Author, year | Observed data | Measure | Age group | Definition of comparison parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference population | Reference value (when applicable) | Comparison method | ||||
Hammoud, 1977 [68] | Algeria, Democratic Yemen, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia, multiple sources, 1951–1974 | Sex ratio | IMR | Mauritius, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, United States, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Denmark, Hungary, Portugal, Yugoslavia, and Australia (United Nations and World Health Organization) | – | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
CMR | ||||||
Khosla, 1980 [69] | 17 states, India, Health statistics, 1971–1975 | Sex ratio | NMR | 46 countries from 1970 to 1974 (WHO annual statistics) | – | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
PNMR | ||||||
IMR | ||||||
Choe, 1987 [76] | Korea, 1974 National Fertility Survey, 1960–1974 | Sex ratio | IMR | Coale and Demeny (1983) West and North models, levels 19, 20 and 21 and life tables for 10 countries (Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Hong Kong, Sarawak, Panama, Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, Portugal) | 122–133; 81–140 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios; Hazard models for multivariate analysis |
CMR | 111–124; 71–118 | |||||
Das Gupta, 1987 [78] | Rural Punjab, India, Khanna Study, 1984 | Sex ratio | U5MRa | Khanna 1957–1959 and Matlab Thana 1974–1977 | – | Magnitude of sex ratios |
Karkal, 1987 [79] | India, Sample Registration System, 1970–1980 | Sex difference | 0, 1, 5 years | South Asia region | – | Magnitude of sex-specific mortality and sex differences |
Makinson, 1987 [80] | Egypt, 1980 World Fertility Survey | Female mortality | U5MRa | Coale and Demeny (1966) West model, level 13.7 | Observed female mortality | Magnitude of sex-specific mortality; multivariable logistic model |
Chowdhury et al., 1990 [88] | Bangladesh, Matlab Demographic Surveillance System, 1977–1985 | Female mortality | NMR | Comparison of 204 sex discordant twin pairs with a random sample of 2371 singletons | Odds ratio 98 | Logistic regression and McNemar’s test to assess sex differences and conditional survivorship |
IMR | Odds ratio 140 | |||||
Pebley and Amin, 1991 [39] | 26 rural villages in India, Narangwal Study | Sex ratio | Under-3a | Study comparison area | – | Expected mortality rates 1971–1973 without intervention (control villages) |
Tabutin, 1992 [97] | Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt, multiple sources, 1965–1988 | Sex ratio | IMR | United Nations model life tables for developing countries | “general pattern” for the reference countries | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
CMR | ||||||
Choe et al., 1995 [99] | China, 1988 Two-per-Thousand Survey of Fertility and Birth Control, 1965–1987 | Sex ratio | IMR | Coale and Demeny (1983) West and North models, level 20, and Japan 1953–1960 | 119, 123, 129 | Magnitude of sex ratios; multivariate proportional hazard models |
CMR | 111, 113, 115 | |||||
Clark, 1995 [53] | Gwembe District, Zambia, Gwembe Study, 1956–1992 | Sex-specific mortality | IMR | Twin pairs and singletons | – | Comparison of sex-specific mortality rates |
Johansson, 1996 [104] | Meiji, Japan, Published estimates, 1908 | Sex ratio | IMR | Swedish estimates (1750–1900), Preston standard (1976) | – | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
CMR | ||||||
Muhuri and Menken, 1997 [108] | Matlab, Bangladesh | Sex ratio | 1–5 years | Study comparison area | – | Magnitude of sex ratios; logistic regression |
Goodkind, 1999 [113] | North Korea, 1993 Census | Sex ratio | IMR | Previous studies (Makinson 1994; UN 1998); South Korea, China, and Taiwan | 115–140 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
CMR | 100–120 | |||||
Datta and Bairagi, 2000 [21] | Bangladesh, Matlab Demographic Surveillance System, 1977–1995 | Sex ratio | IMR | Coale and Demeny (1983) West model and study comparison area | Excess female mortality from the equation [(observed sex ratio) - (expected sex ratio)] / (observed sex ratio)] (× 100) | |
Yount, 2001 [47] | 14 Middle Eastern countries, United Nations, 1970s and 1980s | Sex ratio | IMR | Same datasets for expected and observed estimates | From Hill and Upchurch (1995) estimated from the same dataset | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios |
CMR | ||||||
U5MR | ||||||
Li et al., 2004 [124] | Chinese county in Shaanxi province, 1997 Household survey and community survey | Sex ratio | IMR | Published estimates of sex ratios from Li and Feldman (1996); Coale and Demeny (1983) West model | 120–140 | Magnitude of sex ratios; likelihood ratio test; t test; multivariate logistic regression and Cox survival |
CMR | 100–120 | |||||
U5MR | > 100 | |||||
Fuse and Crenshaw, 2006 [127] | 93 countries, United Nations Statistics Division, 2000 | Sex ratio | IMR | Published estimates Johansson and Nygren (1991); Hill and Upchurch (1995); Tabutin and Willems (1995) | 115 to 130 | Magnitude of sex ratios |
Jayaraj, 2009 [132] | India, Vital Registration System (1991 and 2001) and published estimates | Female mortality | U5MR | Coale and Demeny (1966) West model, levels 18 and 19 | Relative survival advantage of females (RSASF) | Magnitude of observed and expected RSAF |
Oster, 2009 [36] | India, National Family Health Surveys, 1992 and 1998 | Female mortality | Under-10a | Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia, DHS, 1992–2001 | Regression coefficients, allowing for the interaction between being from India and female sex | Difference-in-differences |
Costa et al., 2017 [14] | 60 LMICs, DHS, 2005–2014 | Female mortality | U5MR | Same DHS datasets for expected and observed estimates | From Hill and Upchurch (1995) and Alkema et al. (2014) estimated from the same dataset | Excess female mortality (%) = observed/ expected |