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Table 2 Summary of characteristics of comparative studies

From: A scoping review of methods for assessment of sex differentials in early childhood mortality

Author, year

Observed data

Measure

Age group

Definition of comparison parameters

 

Reference population

Reference value

(when applicable)

Comparison method

Hammoud, 1977 [68]

Algeria, Democratic Yemen, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia, multiple sources, 1951–1974

Sex ratio

IMR

Mauritius, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, United States, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Denmark, Hungary, Portugal, Yugoslavia, and Australia (United Nations and World Health Organization)

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

CMR

Khosla, 1980 [69]

17 states, India, Health statistics, 1971–1975

Sex ratio

NMR

46 countries from 1970 to 1974 (WHO annual statistics)

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

PNMR

IMR

Choe, 1987 [76]

Korea, 1974 National Fertility Survey, 1960–1974

Sex ratio

IMR

Coale and Demeny (1983) West and North models, levels 19, 20 and 21 and life tables for 10 countries (Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Hong Kong, Sarawak, Panama, Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, Portugal)

122–133; 81–140

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios; Hazard models for multivariate analysis

CMR

111–124; 71–118

Das Gupta, 1987 [78]

Rural Punjab, India, Khanna Study, 1984

Sex ratio

U5MRa

Khanna 1957–1959 and Matlab Thana 1974–1977

Magnitude of sex ratios

Karkal, 1987 [79]

India, Sample Registration System, 1970–1980

Sex difference

0, 1, 5 years

South Asia region

Magnitude of sex-specific mortality and sex differences

Makinson, 1987 [80]

Egypt, 1980 World Fertility Survey

Female mortality

U5MRa

Coale and Demeny (1966) West model, level 13.7

Observed female mortality

Magnitude of sex-specific mortality; multivariable logistic model

Chowdhury et al., 1990 [88]

Bangladesh, Matlab Demographic Surveillance System, 1977–1985

Female mortality

NMR

Comparison of 204 sex discordant twin pairs with a random sample of 2371 singletons

Odds ratio 98

Logistic regression and McNemar’s test to assess sex differences and conditional survivorship

IMR

Odds ratio 140

Pebley and Amin, 1991 [39]

26 rural villages in India, Narangwal Study

Sex ratio

Under-3a

Study comparison area

Expected mortality rates 1971–1973 without intervention (control villages)

Tabutin, 1992 [97]

Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt, multiple sources, 1965–1988

Sex ratio

IMR

United Nations model life tables for developing countries

“general pattern” for the reference countries

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

CMR

Choe et al., 1995 [99]

China, 1988 Two-per-Thousand Survey of Fertility and Birth Control, 1965–1987

Sex ratio

IMR

Coale and Demeny (1983) West and North models, level 20, and Japan 1953–1960

119, 123, 129

Magnitude of sex ratios; multivariate proportional hazard models

CMR

111, 113, 115

Clark, 1995 [53]

Gwembe District, Zambia, Gwembe Study, 1956–1992

Sex-specific mortality

IMR

Twin pairs and singletons

Comparison of sex-specific mortality rates

Johansson, 1996 [104]

Meiji, Japan, Published estimates, 1908

Sex ratio

IMR

Swedish estimates (1750–1900), Preston standard (1976)

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

CMR

Muhuri and Menken, 1997 [108]

Matlab, Bangladesh

Sex ratio

1–5 years

Study comparison area

Magnitude of sex ratios; logistic regression

Goodkind, 1999 [113]

North Korea, 1993 Census

Sex ratio

IMR

Previous studies (Makinson 1994; UN 1998); South Korea, China, and Taiwan

115–140

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

CMR

100–120

Datta and Bairagi, 2000 [21]

Bangladesh, Matlab Demographic Surveillance System, 1977–1995

Sex ratio

IMR

Coale and Demeny (1983) West model and study comparison area

Excess female mortality from the equation [(observed sex ratio) - (expected sex ratio)] / (observed sex ratio)] (× 100)

Yount, 2001 [47]

14 Middle Eastern countries, United Nations, 1970s and 1980s

Sex ratio

IMR

Same datasets for expected and observed estimates

From Hill and Upchurch (1995) estimated from the same dataset

Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios

CMR

U5MR

Li et al., 2004 [124]

Chinese county in Shaanxi province, 1997 Household survey and community survey

Sex ratio

IMR

Published estimates of sex ratios from Li and Feldman (1996); Coale and Demeny (1983) West model

120–140

Magnitude of sex ratios; likelihood ratio test; t test; multivariate logistic regression and Cox survival

CMR

100–120

U5MR

>  100

Fuse and Crenshaw, 2006 [127]

93 countries, United Nations Statistics Division, 2000

Sex ratio

IMR

Published estimates Johansson and Nygren (1991); Hill and Upchurch (1995); Tabutin and Willems (1995)

115 to 130

Magnitude of sex ratios

Jayaraj, 2009 [132]

India, Vital Registration System (1991 and 2001) and published estimates

Female mortality

U5MR

Coale and Demeny (1966) West model, levels 18 and 19

Relative survival advantage of females (RSASF)

Magnitude of observed and expected RSAF

Oster, 2009 [36]

India, National Family Health Surveys, 1992 and 1998

Female mortality

Under-10a

Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania, and Zambia, DHS, 1992–2001

Regression coefficients, allowing for the interaction between being from India and female sex

Difference-in-differences

Costa et al., 2017 [14]

60 LMICs, DHS, 2005–2014

Female mortality

U5MR

Same DHS datasets for expected and observed estimates

From Hill and Upchurch (1995) and Alkema et al. (2014) estimated from the same dataset

Excess female mortality (%) = observed/ expected

  1. aSpecific subgroups of age (refer to Supplementary Table S2)
  2. IMR infant mortality rate; CMR child mortality rate; U5MR under-five mortality rate; DHS Demographic and Health Surveys; LMICs low- and middle-income countries