Table 1 Summary of characteristics of reference studies
From: A scoping review of methods for assessment of sex differentials in early childhood mortality
Author, year | Observed data | Measure | Age group | Definition of expected values | Comparison method | Type of reference | Citations | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference population | Assessment method | Expected value | |||||||
Clark, 1987 [77] | India, published estimates | Sex ratioa | 1–59 months | 25 ‘Third World’ countries, World Fertility Surveys | Average sex ratio | 99.6 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios, significance assessment | Descriptive | 1 |
Johansson and Nygren, 1991 [93] | China, 1988 Two-per-thousand Fertility Survey | Sex ratio | IMR | Countries with information for at least four years 1976–1984, United Nations Demographic Yearbook | Average sex ratio | 130 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios | Prescriptive | 155 |
Svedberg, 1991 [95] | 23 Sub-Saharan African countries, published estimates, 1953–1983 | Sex ratio, Excess mortality | IMR | Sweden official statistics, 1983–1987 | Sex ratio of the Swedish population | Ratio of ratios (observed/ expected) above or below the unity | Descriptive | 89 | |
CMR | |||||||||
Goodkind, 1995 [100] | Vietnam | Sex ratio | IMR | East Asian populations | Average sex ratio | 97 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios | Descriptive | 35 |
CMR | 95 | ||||||||
Hill and Upchurch, 1995 [12] | 35 LMICs, DHS, 1986–1993 | Sex ratioa | IMR | England and Wales, France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden, Coale and Demeny (1983) West model, 1820–1964 | LOWESS curve for the association between sex ratios and male U5MR (from 25 to 300) | 130–118 | Difference between observed and expected sex ratio for each value of male mortality | Prescriptive | 128 |
CMR | 122–103 | ||||||||
U5MR | 129–111 | ||||||||
Klasen, 1996 [105] | 20 LMICs, Census and World Fertility Surveys | Sex ratio; Male mortality | IMR | Coale and Demeny (1983) West and North models and Sweden official statistics, 1983–1987 | Sex ratio of reference populations | Ratio of ratios (observed/ expected) above or below the unity | Descriptive | 42 | |
CMR | |||||||||
Chaudhuri, 2011 [18] | India, 2005–06 National Family and Health Survey | Female mortality | IMR | Kerala state, India (same survey) | Linear regression for sex ratio based on male U5MR and being from Kerala | Expected female mortality derived from expected sex ratio based on the regression coefficients | Excess female mortality if observed value greater than expected; probit model | Prescriptive | NA |
Srinivasan and Bedi, 2011 [42] | Tamil Nadu, India, Vital Events Survey, 1996–1999 | Female mortality | IMR | Values from Waldron (1983), Johansson and Nygren (1991), Hill and Upchurch (1995), United States and United Kingdom life tables | Female mortality in function of male mortality based on the values reported in previous studies | Expected female mortality = 80% of male mortality | Difference between observed and expected values | Prescriptive | CrossRef citations: 9 |
Chaudhuri, 2012 [19] | 13 Indian states, National Family Health Surveys, 1992, 1998 and 2005 | Female mortality | IMR | Kerala state, India (same surveys) | Multivariate logistic regression | Regression coefficients | Incidence of excess female mortality = difference between observed female IMR in each state and the benchmarking female IMR (Kerala) | Prescriptive | 1 |
Monden and Smits, 2013 [138] | 35 Sub-Saharan African and Southern Asian countries, DHS, 2000s | Sex ratio | CMR | Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavian countries, USA, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, Human Mortality Database, since 1920 | Average sex ratio | 117 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios | Prescriptive | 14 |
U5MR | 125 | ||||||||
Jamison et al., 2013 [136] | India and China, published estimates | Sex ratio | U5MR | Demographic and health surveys from LMICs | Average sex ratio | 118 | Magnitude of observed and expected sex ratios; estimates of excess of female mortality based on male mortality | Descriptive | 605 |
Alkema et al., 2014 [2] | 195 countries, areas, and territories, multiple sources, 990–2012 | Sex ratio | IMR | 195 countries, areas, and territories, multiple sources, 1990–2012 | Global relation between sex ratios and mortality levels; Bayesian model | 120, 126 and 115 for IMR of 5, 20 and 150 | Assessment of outlying values | Descriptive | 45 |
CMR | 121–101 for CMR of 5 to > 30 | ||||||||
U5MR | 125–109 for U5MR of 20–400 | ||||||||
Chaudhuri, 2015 [20] | 14 Indian states, National Family Health Surveys, 1992, 1998 and 2005 | Female mortality | IMR | Bihar vs 13 Indian states; Bihar vs 8 less gender bias Indian states (same surveys) | Multivariate logistic regression | Coefficient of interaction between being from Bihar and female sex | Descriptive | 1 | |
Guilmoto et al., 2018 [153] | India, 2011 Census | Female mortality | U5MR | 46 countries without known gender discrimination, World Population Prospects | Quadratic regression for the relation between female and male U5MRs | Expected female U5MR for each level of male U5MR | Difference between observed and expected female U5MR; absolute excess female mortality | Prescriptive | 19 |