Water, sanitation and hygiene practices associated with improved height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores among under-five children in Nepal

Table 4 Interaction between WASH related variables for childhood undernutrition (n = 2320)

	Height-for-age			Weight-for-height			Weight-for-age
Improved sanitation availability^a	With water purification	Without water purification	**p -value for interaction**	With water purification	Without water purification	**p -value for interaction**	With water purification	Without water purification	p-value for interaction
Improved sanitation availability^a	0.44 (−0.55, 1.43)	0.21 (−0.06, 0.48)	0.28	0.31 (−0.53, 1.15)	0.20 (− 0.04, 0.44)	0.55	0.67 (− 0.11, 1.45)	0.29 (0.11, 0.47)**	0.25
Water purification^b	With soap and water	Without soap and water		With soap and water	Without soap and water		With soap and water	Without soap and water
Water purification^b	0.07 (−0.21, 0.34)	− 0.10 (− 0.46, 0.26)	0.87	0.28 (0.05, 0.51)*	0.15 (− 0.09, 0.38)	0.28	0.22 (0.02, 0.44)*	− 0.05 (− 0.27, 0.18)	0.16
Soap and water availability^c	With improved sanitation	Without improved sanitation		With improved sanitation	Without improved sanitation		With improved sanitation	Without improved sanitation
Soap and water availability^c	0.69 (−0.07, 0.21)	0.07 (−0.36, 0.49)	0.39	0.14 (0.01, 0.27)*	0.04 (−0.24, 0.31)	0.36	0.15 (0.04, 0.26)**	0.08 (−0.25, 0.40)	0.97

^aAdjusted for child’s birth weight, child’s age, child’s sex wealth quintiles, use of clean fuel, sex of household head, ecological region, area of residence, women’s age, women's marital status, women’s education, women’s smoking status, women’s BMI, ANC 4th visits, institutional delivery, frequency of watching TV, child's diarrhea incidence over past 2 weeks and household water and soap availability
^b Adjusted for child’s birth weight, child’s age, child’s sex wealth quintiles, use of clean fuel, sex of household head, ecological region, area of residence, women’s age, women's marital status, women’s education, women’s smoking status, women’s BMI, ANC 4th visits, institutional delivery, frequency of watching TV, child's diarrhea incidence over past 2 weeks and household sanitation availability
^c Adjusted for child’s birth weight, child’s age, child’s sex wealth quintiles, use of clean fuel, sex of household head, ecological region, area of residence, women’s age, women's marital status, women’s education, women’s smoking status, women’s BMI, ANC 4th visits, institutional delivery, frequency of watching TV, child's diarrhea incidence over past 2 weeks and household water purification practice
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01

ISSN: 1471-2431