Variable | Measure |
---|---|
Demographics | Direct Questioning: Age, ethnicity, height, weight |
Sports Participation | Boys were asked to indicate all of the sports that they are involved in. Options included: soccer, basketball, swimming, Australian Football, Cross Country, Hockey, Athletics, and ‘other (please specify) |
Body Image | The 10-item Appearance subscale of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults [30] was used to assess body esteem. Cronbach’s alpha for the current study was acceptable α = .63 |
Drive for Muscularity | The 7-item Beliefs Subscale of the Drive for Muscularity Scale [31] was used to assess Drive for Muscularity. Previous research has confirmed that only the beliefs subscale, not the muscularity attitudes subscale predicts supplement use [25] Cronbach’s alpha for the current study was high α = .99 |
Use of Protein Powder, creatine, and anabolic steroids | Direct questioning items from ATLAS evaluation studies [32, 33] included: “Have you ever used (protein powder/creatine/anabolic steroids)” and participants responded by selecting an option from ‘I don’t know what this is’, ‘no, never’, ‘yes, once or twice’, or ‘yes, more than three times’. |
Intentions to use protein powder, creatine, and anabolic steroids | Items from ATLAS evaluation studies [32, 33] asked participants to indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree (on a 7-point response scale) with the statements ‘I intend to try or use (protein powder/creatine/anabolic steroids)’. |
Weight Training | Direct questioning “Do you do any weight training” with yes/no responses. |