Table 4 Factors associated with “at-risk” developmental status compared to peers
Variable | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Final model, Adjusted odds ratios (95%C) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 431 unless otherwise stated | ||||
Child-level measures | ||||
Female sex | 1.02 (0.59, 1.76) | 0.94 | ||
Moderate to severe stunting (n = 393) | 0.92 (0.48, 1.78) | 0.81 | ||
Moderate to severe wasting (n = 398)a | 2.92 (0.98, 8.70) | 0.05 | ||
Moderate to severe underweight (n = 399) | 1.22 (0.65, 2.29) | 0.33 | ||
Mother’s age < 20 | 3.09 (1.18, 8.13) | 0.02 | 4.08 (1.40, 11.87) | 0.01 |
Mother’s education, none vs. any | 0.78 (0.47, 2.29) | 0.33 | ||
Left for more than 1 h with another < 10 child as caregiver a(n = 429) | 0.45 (0.21, 0.94) | 0.035 | ||
Child was ill or injured in last 4 weeks | 0.43 (0.24, 0.81) | 0.005 | 0.38 (0.20, 0.73) | 0.004 |
Household-level measures | ||||
Poorest (lowest 2 weath quintiles)a | 2.16 (1.20, 3.89) | 0.01 | ||
More than one under 5 child in householda | 2.06 (1.11, 3.82) | 0.021 | ||
Father does not live in the household | 1.76 (0.67, 4.57) | 0.25 | ||
Stimulation measures | ||||
Adult engagement (received 4 stimulating activities)a | 0.33 (0.15, 0.72) | 0.006 | ||
Any children’s books in the home? (n = 430) | 0.88 (0.24, 3.28) | 0.85 | ||
Does the child play with homemade toys? (n = 430) | 0.62 (0.30, 1.28) | 0.19 | ||
Does the child play with toys from a shop/manufactured toys?a | 0.45 (0.19, 1.07) | 0.07 | ||
Does the child play with household (cups, bowls) or outside found objects (sticks, rocks, leaves etc) | 0.41 (0.21, 0.79) | 0.008 | 0.28 (0.12, 0.63) | 0.002 |
In the past 3 days, did you or any household member age 15 or over engage in any of the following activities | ||||
Read to the child? (n = 430) | 0.52 (0.13, 1.98) | 0.34 | ||
Told stories to the child? (n = 430) | 1.10 (0.46, 2.85) | 0.84 | ||
Sang songs to or with the child (inc. lullabies)?a | 0.44 (0.24, 0.81) | 0.009 | ||
Took the child outside the home, compound or enclosure? | 1.82 (0.96, 3.44) | 0.06 | 2.90 (1.35, 6.22) | 0.006 |
Played with the child?a | 0.49 (0.25, 0.97) | 0.041 | ||
Named, counted or drew things to or with the child? | 0.66 (0.28, 1.58) | 0.35 | ||
Greater number of stimulating activities by mother | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) | 0.21 | ||
Greater number of stimulating activities by father | 1.26 (0.83, 1.91) | 0.28 | ||
Greater number of stimulating activities by other adult | 0.43 (0.30, 0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.27 (0.15, 0.48) | < 0.001 |