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Table 2 Associations of each explanatory factor and children’s sedentary time (min/h) in multilevel linear regression models

From: Individual-, home- and preschool-level correlates of preschool children’s sedentary time

Level of influence

Variable name

β

Lower 95% CI

Upper 95% CI

p-value

N

Individual level

Gender

−0.98

−1.47

− 0.49

0.000

718

Age

0.09

−0.17

0.36

0.497

718

BMI

−0.00

− 0.05

0.05

0.945

684

Surgency

−0.81

−1.11

−0.50

0.000

658

Negative affectivity

0.11

−0.20

0.41

0.497

658

Effortful control

0.69

0.31

1.08

0.000

658

Home level

 Parental beliefs and attitudes

Parental self-efficacy for activating child for physical activity (PA)

−0.09

− 0.18

−0.01

0.036

709

Parental self-efficacy for limiting children’s screen time

0.07

−0.00

0.13

0.052

712

Parental attitude on importance of physical activity (ref: somewhat disagree)

 

Neither agree or disagree

−0.51

−2.53

1.51

0.619

715

Somewhat agree

−0.63

−2.49

1.22

0.503

Strongly agree

−1.09

−2.95

0.76

0.248

Parental attitude on societal pressures regarding screen time

−0.00

−0.09

0.08

0.960

710

Parental perceived barriers related to children’s outside PA

0.13

0.06

0.02

0.001

711

Parental beliefs of unhealthy energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) as a problem

−0.07

−0.47

0.32

0.724

712

 Parenting practices

Rules for limiting children’s screen time

0.43

−0.19

1.04

0.173

685

Parental practice on allowing child to run around inside

0.09

−0.23

0.40

0.586

715

Parental screen use in front of children (ref: high parental screen use)

 

Low

−0.47

−1.14

0.20

0.171

714

Middle

−0.56

− 1.22

0.11

0.103

Parental physical activity in front of children

−0.09

−0.31

0.13

0.420

717

Frequent co-visits in PA places

−0.12

−0.12

− 0.04

0.002

717

Mother’s educational level (ref: highly educated)

     
 

Low

0.16

−0.53

0.84

0.499

711

Middle

−0.21

−0.81

0.40

0.648

Preschool level

 Principals’ beliefs and attitudes

Principals’ personal interest in health (ref: neither disagree or agree)

 

Somewhat agree

0.54

−0.22

1.29

0.162

654

Strongly agree

1.07

0.44

1.70

0.001

Principals’ attitude on the importance of increasing children’s physical activity

0.02

−1.34

1.37

0.982

665

Principals’ attitude on the importance of decreasing children’s sedentary time

−0.23

−2.24

1.77

0.820

665

Principals’ self-efficacy for influencing children’s behaviors

−0.18

−0.81

0.45

0.570

638

Principals’ beliefs of unhealthy EBRBs as a problem

0.81

0.12

1.51

0.021

659

Organizational policies and practices

Frequency of visits in PA places

−0.19

−0.37

− 0.01

0.047

665

Screen-time policy

0.16

−0.03

0.35

0.103

665

Guidance for families policy

−0.21

− 0.38

−0.04

0.039

665

Healthy PA policy

0.06

−0.04

0.13

0.200

665

Active play possibility during free play

0.29

−0.48

1.06

0.466

674

Preschool neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) (ref: high neighborhood SES)

Low

0.62

−0.65

1.89

0.339

718

Middle

0.32

−0.73

1.37

0.554

  1. CI Confidence interval, PA Physical activity, EBRBs Energy balance-related behaviors, SES Socioeconomic status