Altered metabolism of mothers of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case control study

Hollowood-Jones, Kathryn; Adams, James B.; Coleman, Devon M.; Ramamoorthy, Sivapriya; Melnyk, Stepan; James, S. Jill; Woodruff, Bryan K.; Pollard, Elena L.; Snozek, Christine L.; Kruger, Uwe; Chuah, Joshua; Hahn, Juergen

doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02437-7

BMC Pediatrics

Table 4 Univariate results for FOCM/TS metabolites and vitamin E, folate, ferritin, B12, MMA, and MTHFR status

From: Altered metabolism of mothers of young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a case control study

Metabolite	Test	ASD-M (mean ± std) N = 30	TD-M (mean ± std) N = 29	p-Values	FDR	AUC	Ratio (ASD-M/TD-M)
B12 Δ	MW	355 ± 196	473 ± 173	2.40E-03	0.00	0.73	0.75
fCysteine Δ	t=	23.8 ± 1.88	22.6 ± 1.94	0.01	0.00	0.70	1.06
Glu-Cys Δ	t=	1.89 ± 0.22	1.72 ± 0.24	0.01	0.00	0.69	1.10
SAM/SAH Δ	t=	1.94 ± 0.25	2.09 ± 0.20	0.01	0.00	0.67	0.93
fCystine Δ	t=	24.1 ± 2.78	22.4 ± 2.43	0.02	0.01	0.67	1.07
tCysteine	t=	248 ± 23.1	234 ± 28.3	0.04	0.40	0.64	1.06
tGSH	t=	6.23 ± 0.98	5.85 ± 1.07	0.15	1.00	0.63	1.07
SAM	t=	47.2 ± 5.37	49.3 ± 5.76	0.15	1.00	0.62	0.96
Methionine	t=	19.9 ± 2.56	20.8 ± 2.98	0.19	1.00	0.61	0.95
MTHFR mut. (A1298C)	χ²			0.15	1.00	0.60
tGSH/GSSG	t=	29.5 ± 6.21	27.3 ± 6.06	0.18	1.00	0.60	1.08
Folate	MW	17.6 ± 6.19	21.1 ± 9.17	0.20	1.00	0.60	0.83
Homocysteine	MW	8.63 ± 0.98	8.27 ± 1.18	0.21	1.00	0.60	1.04
tGSH/GSSG	t=	29.5 ± 6.21	27.3 ± 6.06	0.18	1.00	0.60	1.08
SAH	t=	24.5 ± 2.66	23.6 ± 2.04	0.15	1.00	0.59	1.04
Vitamin D3‡	t=	27.1 ± 9.10	24.9 ± 6.08	0.27	1.00	0.57	1.09
Ferritin	MW	35.1 ± 31.0	29.5 ± 26.1	0.36	1.00	0.57	1.19
Cys-Gly	t=	38.7 ± 5.06	37.6 ± 6.38	0.46	1.00	0.57	1.03
Adenosine	t=	0.22 ± 0.03	0.21 ± 0.03	0.28	1.00	0.55	1.04
fGSH/GSSG	MW	8.73 ± 2.08	8.81 ± 1.84	0.49	1.00	0.55	0.99
% Oxidized GSH	MW	0.19 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.04	0.49	1.00	0.55	1.01
Chlorotyrosine	t=	26.8 ± 4.27	27.6 ± 4.23	0.51	1.00	0.55	0.97
Nitrotyrosine	t ≠	32.9 ± 6.28	33.7 ± 4.67	0.59	1.00	0.55	0.98
fGSH	t=	1.85 ± 0.32	1.89 ± 0.35	0.62	1.00	0.55	0.98
fCystine/fCysteine	t=	1.01 ± 0.11	1.00 ± 0.10	0.59	1.00	0.54	1.02
Vitamin E	t=	9.23 ± 2.53	9.82 ± 3.22	0.75	1.00	0.54	0.94
Isoprostane (U)‡	MW	0.15 ± 0.10	0.18 ± 0.14	0.70	1.00	0.53	0.83
MTHFR mut. (C677T)	χ²			0.90	1.00	0.53
GSSG	t=	0.22 ± 0.04	0.22 ± 0.03	0.93	1.00	0.52	1.00
MMA	MW	0.15 ± 0.06	0.15 ± 0.08	0.64	1.00	0.51	0.96

The measurements are ordered by decreasing AUC. Statistically significant metabolites with p-value ≤ 0.05 and FDR ≤ 0.1 are marked with Δ and ‡ indicates measurements that were left out of the classification procedure as the measurements were not collected from all mothers. Specifically, these were vitamin D with 28 mothers in ASD-M and 28 TD-M mothers and Isoprostane with 28 participants that were ASD-M and 25 mothers in TD-M. The abbreviated metabolites are defined as follows: S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and Methylmalonic acid (MMA). The metabolite ratios include SAM/SAH, tGSH/GSSG, fGSH/GSSG, and percent oxidized GSH. The “f” and the “t” refer to free and total, respectively. The possible hypothesis tests were Mann-Whitney U (MW), Student’s t-test (t=), Chi-Squared test (χ²), and Welch’s test (t ≠)

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