Variables | Anaemia prevalence in 6 months to under 2 years | Anaemia prevalence in 2 to under 5 years | p. value | Anaemia prevalence (overall) | Severe anaemia prevalence (overall) | N | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean haemoglobin (g/L) | ||||||||
Personal factors | Age group | |||||||
6 months - < 2 years | Frequency | NA | NA | NA | 427/690 | 10/690 | 690 | |
% | NA | NA | NA | 61.9% | 1.4% | 104.8 (14.5) | ||
2 - < 5 years | Frequency | NA | NA | NA | 1096/2404 | 40/2404 | 2404 | |
% | NA | NA | NA | 45.6% | 1.7% | 109.1 (15.5) | ||
p. value* | NA | NA | NA | < 0.001 | 0.694 | < 0.001 | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | Frequency | 215/325 | 580/1203 | – | 795/1528 | 32/1528 | 1528 | |
% | 66.2% | 48.2% | < 0.001 | 52.0% | 2.1% | 107.3 (16.1) | ||
Female | Frequency | 212/365 | 516/1201 | – | 728/1566 | 18/1566 | 1566 | |
% | 58.1% | 43.0% | < 0.001 | 46.5% | 1.1% | 109.0 (14.7) | ||
p. value* | 0.290 | 0.010 | – | 0.002 | 0.045 | 0.002 | ||
Education factors | Mother educational level | |||||||
No formal education | Frequency | 112/177 | 270/547 | – | 382/724 | 10/724 | 724 | |
% | 63.3% | 49.4% | 0.001 | 52.8% | 1.4% | 107.2 (14.5) | ||
primary education | Frequency | 127/201 | 311/673 | – | 438/874 | 7/874 | 874 | |
% | 63.2% | 46.2% | < 0.001 | 50.1% | 0.8% | 108.1 (14.4) | ||
secondary education | Frequency | 35/57 | 91/206 | – | 126/263 | 3/263 | 263 | |
% | 61.4% | 44.2% | 0.021 | 47.9% | 1.1% | 108.5 (14.1) | ||
above secondary education | Frequency | 17/28 | 34/85 | – | 51/113 | 1/113 | 113 | |
% | 60.7% | 40.0% | 0.056 | 45.1% | 0.9% | 110.2 (14.0) | ||
p. value* | 0.988 | 0.298 | – | 0.315 | 0.725 | 0.141 | ||
Mother frequently listen to the radio | ||||||||
No | Frequency | 205/330 | 510/1086 | – | 715/1416 | 17/1416 | 1416 | |
% | 62.1% | 47.0% | 0.001 | 50.5% | 1.2% | 107.2 (14.5) | ||
Yes | Frequency | 83/130 | 205/440 | – | 288/570 | 5/570 | 570 | |
% | 63.8% | 46.4% | < 0.001 | 50.5% | 0.9% | 108.1 (14.4) | ||
p. value* | 0.731 | 0.895 | – | 0.990 | 0.641 | 0.867 | ||
Maternal factors | Pregnancy status of the mother | |||||||
Mother not pregnant | Frequency | 260/219 | 556/1208 | – | 816/1627 | 19/1627 | 1627 | |
% | 62.1% | 46.0% | < 0.001 | 50.2% | 1.2% | 108.0 (14.6) | ||
Mother pregnant | Frequency | 22/34 | 131/271 | – | 153/305 | 2/305 | 305 | |
% | 64.7% | 48.3% | 0.072 | 50.2% | 0.7% | 108.4 (13.5) | ||
p. value* | 0.759 | 0.490 | – | 0.997 | 0.560 | 0.649 | ||
Anaemia status of the mother | ||||||||
Mother not anaemic | Frequency | 165/276 | 328/801 | – | 493/1077 | 12/1077 | 1077 | |
% | 59.8% | 40.9% | < 0.001 | 45.8% | 1.1% | 109.0 (14.3) | ||
Mother anaemic | Frequency | 73/103 | 234/425 | – | 307/528 | 6/528 | 528 | |
% | 70.9% | 55.1% | 0.004 | 58.1% | 1.1% | 105.8 (14.2) | ||
p. value* | 0.047 | < 0.001 | – | < 0.001 | 1.000 | < 0.001 | ||
Economic factors | Size of the household | |||||||
Less than 7 persons | Frequency | 315/510 | 812/1754 | – | 1127/2264 | 35/2264 | 2264 | |
% | 61.8% | 46.3% | < 0.001 | 49.8% | 1.5% | 107.9 (15.4) | ||
7 persons or more | Frequency | 112/180 | 284/650 | – | 396/830 | 15/830 | 830 | |
% | 62.2% | 43.7% | < 0.001 | 47.7% | 1.8% | 109.0 (15.4) | ||
p. value* | 0.913 | 0.255 | – | 0.308 | 0.610 | 0.079 | ||
Wealth quintiles | ||||||||
Lowest | Frequency | 89/158 | 241/502 | – | 330/660 | 14/660 | 660 | |
% | 56.3% | 48.0% | 0.068 | 50.0% | 2.1% | 107.3 (16.4) | ||
Second | Frequency | 79/148 | 244/515 | – | 323/663 | 13/663 | 663 | |
% | 53.4% | 47.4% | 0.198 | 48.7% | 2.0% | 108.0 (15.3) | ||
Middle | Frequency | 95/142 | 208/491 | – | 303/633 | 11/633 | 633 | |
% | 66.9% | 42.4% | < 0.001 | 47.9% | 1.7% | 108.8 (16.0) | ||
Fourth | Frequency | 95/131 | 236/502 | – | 331/633 | 5/633 | 633 | |
% | 72.5% | 47.0% | < 0.001 | 52.3% | 0.8% | 107.9 (14.2) | ||
Highest | Frequency | 69/111 | 167/394 | – | 236/505 | 7/505 | 505 | |
% | 62.2% | 42.4% | < 0.001 | 46.7% | 1.4% | 108.8 (15.0) | ||
p. value* | 0.006 | 0.203 | – | 0.363 | 0.343 | 0.356 | ||
Child has health insurance | ||||||||
No health insurance | Frequency | 344/565 | 839/1796 | – | 1183/2361 | 39/2361 | 2361 | |
% | 60.9% | 46.7% | < 0.001 | 50.1% | 1.7% | 107.7 (15.4) | ||
Has health insurance | Frequency | 83/125 | 257/608 | – | 340/733 | 11/733 | 733 | |
% | 66.4% | 42.3% | < 0.001 | 46.4% | 1.5% | 109.5 (15.3) | ||
p. value* | 0.251 | 0.057 | – | 0.078 | 0.868 | 0.008 | ||
Hygienic factors | Drinking water source | |||||||
piped source to house OR bottled water | Frequency | 53/82 | 127/298 | – | 180/380 | 5/380 | 380 | |
% | 64.6% | 42.6% | < 0.001 | 47.4% | 1.3% | 109.2 (16.0) | ||
piped source to public area | Frequency | 141/231 | 369/771 | – | 510/1002 | 18/1002 | 1002 | |
% | 61.0% | 47.9% | < 0.001 | 50.9% | 1.8% | 107.6 (15.2) | ||
open source | Frequency | 215/349 | 559/1230 | – | 774/1579 | 25/1579 | 1579 | |
% | 61.6% | 45.4% | < 0.001 | 49.0% | 1.6% | 108.1 (15.3) | ||
p. value* | 0.843 | 0.274 | – | 0.446 | 0.807 | 0.199 | ||
Sanitation facility type | ||||||||
safe sanitation facility | Frequency | 60/93 | 128/326 | – | 188/419 | 5/419 | 419 | |
% | 64.5% | 39.3% | < 0.001 | 44.9% | 1.2% | 109.0 (15.6) | ||
unsafe sanitation facility | Frequency | 222/347 | 582/1299 | – | 804/1646 | 28/1646 | 1646 | |
% | 64.0% | 44.8% | < 0.001 | 48.8% | 1.7% | 108.4 (15.3) | ||
unsafe sanitation - open defecation | Frequency | 138/238 | 364/739 | – | 502/977 | 17/977 | 977 | |
% | 58.0% | 49.3% | 0.019 | 51.4% | 1.7% | 107.4 (15.8) | ||
p. value* | Frequency | 0.293 | 0.008 | – | 0.079 | 0.735 | 0.140 | |
Malaria and infection factors | Child had fever in the last 2 weeks | |||||||
No fever | Frequency | 302/486 | 856/1913 | – | 1158/2399 | 25/2399 | 2399 | |
% | 62.1% | 44.7% | < 0.001 | 48.3% | 1.0% | 108.6 (14.7) | ||
With fever | Frequency | 119/195 | 231/474 | – | 350/669 | 24/669 | 669 | |
% | 61.0% | 48.7% | 0.004 | 52.3% | 3.6% | 106.7 (17.7) | ||
p. value* | 0.787 | 0.119 | – | 0.064 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | ||
Child malaria test | ||||||||
Negative | Frequency | 399/636 | 1007/2270 | – | 1406/2906 | 38/2906 | 2906 | |
% | 62.7% | 44.4% | < 0.001 | 48.4% | 1.3% | 108.5 (15.2) | ||
Positive | Frequency | 12/18 | 89/133 | – | 101/151 | 12/151 | 151 | |
% | 66.7% | 66.9% | 0.983 | 66.9% | 7.9% | 101.0 (18.9) | ||
p. value* | 0.734 | < 0.001 | – | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
Level of malaria transmission | ||||||||
Moderate transmission (PR2–10 = 10- < 50%) | Frequency | 75/117 | 202/441 | – | 277/558 | 17/558 | 558 | |
% | 64.1% | 45.8% | < 0.001 | 49.6% | 3.0% | 107.5 (16.5) | ||
Low transmission (PR2–10 = < 10%) | Frequency | 352/573 | 894/1963 | – | 1246/2536 | 33/2536 | 2536 | |
% | 61.4% | 45.5% | < 0.001 | 49.1% | 1.3% | 108.3 (15.2) | ||
p. value* | 0.588 | 0.920 | – | 0.828 | 0.008 | 0.244 |