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Table 3 Anaemia prevalence and haemoglobin level of 6 months to under 5 years old children by age groups risk factors, Sudan, 2016

From: Anaemia prevalence and determinants in under 5 years children: findings of a cross-sectional population-based study in Sudan

Variables

Anaemia prevalence in 6 months to under 2 years

Anaemia prevalence in 2 to under 5 years

p. value

Anaemia prevalence (overall)

Severe anaemia prevalence (overall)

N

Mean haemoglobin (g/L)

Personal factors

Age group

6 months - < 2 years

Frequency

NA

NA

NA

427/690

10/690

690

%

NA

NA

NA

61.9%

1.4%

104.8 (14.5)

2 - < 5 years

Frequency

NA

NA

NA

1096/2404

40/2404

2404

%

NA

NA

NA

45.6%

1.7%

109.1 (15.5)

p. value*

 

NA

NA

NA

< 0.001

0.694

< 0.001

Gender

Male

Frequency

215/325

580/1203

795/1528

32/1528

1528

%

66.2%

48.2%

< 0.001

52.0%

2.1%

107.3 (16.1)

Female

Frequency

212/365

516/1201

728/1566

18/1566

1566

%

58.1%

43.0%

< 0.001

46.5%

1.1%

109.0 (14.7)

p. value*

 

0.290

0.010

0.002

0.045

0.002

Education factors

Mother educational level

No formal education

Frequency

112/177

270/547

382/724

10/724

724

%

63.3%

49.4%

0.001

52.8%

1.4%

107.2 (14.5)

primary education

Frequency

127/201

311/673

438/874

7/874

874

%

63.2%

46.2%

< 0.001

50.1%

0.8%

108.1 (14.4)

secondary education

Frequency

35/57

91/206

126/263

3/263

263

%

61.4%

44.2%

0.021

47.9%

1.1%

108.5 (14.1)

above secondary education

Frequency

17/28

34/85

51/113

1/113

113

%

60.7%

40.0%

0.056

45.1%

0.9%

110.2 (14.0)

p. value*

 

0.988

0.298

0.315

0.725

0.141

Mother frequently listen to the radio

No

Frequency

205/330

510/1086

715/1416

17/1416

1416

%

62.1%

47.0%

0.001

50.5%

1.2%

107.2 (14.5)

Yes

Frequency

83/130

205/440

288/570

5/570

570

%

63.8%

46.4%

< 0.001

50.5%

0.9%

108.1 (14.4)

p. value*

 

0.731

0.895

0.990

0.641

0.867

Maternal factors

Pregnancy status of the mother

Mother not pregnant

Frequency

260/219

556/1208

816/1627

19/1627

1627

%

62.1%

46.0%

< 0.001

50.2%

1.2%

108.0 (14.6)

Mother pregnant

Frequency

22/34

131/271

153/305

2/305

305

%

64.7%

48.3%

0.072

50.2%

0.7%

108.4 (13.5)

p. value*

 

0.759

0.490

0.997

0.560

0.649

Anaemia status of the mother

Mother not anaemic

Frequency

165/276

328/801

493/1077

12/1077

1077

%

59.8%

40.9%

< 0.001

45.8%

1.1%

109.0 (14.3)

Mother anaemic

Frequency

73/103

234/425

307/528

6/528

528

%

70.9%

55.1%

0.004

58.1%

1.1%

105.8 (14.2)

p. value*

 

0.047

< 0.001

< 0.001

1.000

< 0.001

Economic factors

Size of the household

Less than 7 persons

Frequency

315/510

812/1754

1127/2264

35/2264

2264

%

61.8%

46.3%

< 0.001

49.8%

1.5%

107.9 (15.4)

7 persons or more

Frequency

112/180

284/650

396/830

15/830

830

%

62.2%

43.7%

< 0.001

47.7%

1.8%

109.0 (15.4)

p. value*

 

0.913

0.255

0.308

0.610

0.079

Wealth quintiles

Lowest

Frequency

89/158

241/502

330/660

14/660

660

%

56.3%

48.0%

0.068

50.0%

2.1%

107.3 (16.4)

Second

Frequency

79/148

244/515

323/663

13/663

663

%

53.4%

47.4%

0.198

48.7%

2.0%

108.0 (15.3)

Middle

Frequency

95/142

208/491

303/633

11/633

633

%

66.9%

42.4%

< 0.001

47.9%

1.7%

108.8 (16.0)

Fourth

Frequency

95/131

236/502

331/633

5/633

633

%

72.5%

47.0%

< 0.001

52.3%

0.8%

107.9 (14.2)

Highest

Frequency

69/111

167/394

236/505

7/505

505

%

62.2%

42.4%

< 0.001

46.7%

1.4%

108.8 (15.0)

p. value*

 

0.006

0.203

0.363

0.343

0.356

Child has health insurance

No health insurance

Frequency

344/565

839/1796

1183/2361

39/2361

2361

%

60.9%

46.7%

< 0.001

50.1%

1.7%

107.7 (15.4)

Has health insurance

Frequency

83/125

257/608

340/733

11/733

733

%

66.4%

42.3%

< 0.001

46.4%

1.5%

109.5 (15.3)

p. value*

 

0.251

0.057

0.078

0.868

0.008

Hygienic factors

Drinking water source

piped source to house OR bottled water

Frequency

53/82

127/298

180/380

5/380

380

%

64.6%

42.6%

< 0.001

47.4%

1.3%

109.2 (16.0)

piped source to public area

Frequency

141/231

369/771

510/1002

18/1002

1002

%

61.0%

47.9%

< 0.001

50.9%

1.8%

107.6 (15.2)

open source

Frequency

215/349

559/1230

774/1579

25/1579

1579

%

61.6%

45.4%

< 0.001

49.0%

1.6%

108.1 (15.3)

p. value*

 

0.843

0.274

0.446

0.807

0.199

Sanitation facility type

safe sanitation facility

Frequency

60/93

128/326

188/419

5/419

419

%

64.5%

39.3%

< 0.001

44.9%

1.2%

109.0 (15.6)

unsafe sanitation facility

Frequency

222/347

582/1299

804/1646

28/1646

1646

%

64.0%

44.8%

< 0.001

48.8%

1.7%

108.4 (15.3)

unsafe sanitation - open defecation

Frequency

138/238

364/739

502/977

17/977

977

%

58.0%

49.3%

0.019

51.4%

1.7%

107.4 (15.8)

p. value*

Frequency

0.293

0.008

0.079

0.735

0.140

Malaria and infection factors

Child had fever in the last 2 weeks

No fever

Frequency

302/486

856/1913

1158/2399

25/2399

2399

%

62.1%

44.7%

< 0.001

48.3%

1.0%

108.6 (14.7)

With fever

Frequency

119/195

231/474

350/669

24/669

669

%

61.0%

48.7%

0.004

52.3%

3.6%

106.7 (17.7)

p. value*

 

0.787

0.119

0.064

< 0.001

0.004

Child malaria test

Negative

Frequency

399/636

1007/2270

1406/2906

38/2906

2906

%

62.7%

44.4%

< 0.001

48.4%

1.3%

108.5 (15.2)

Positive

Frequency

12/18

89/133

101/151

12/151

151

%

66.7%

66.9%

0.983

66.9%

7.9%

101.0 (18.9)

p. value*

 

0.734

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Level of malaria transmission

Moderate transmission (PR2–10 = 10- < 50%)

Frequency

75/117

202/441

277/558

17/558

558

%

64.1%

45.8%

< 0.001

49.6%

3.0%

107.5 (16.5)

Low transmission (PR2–10 = < 10%)

Frequency

352/573

894/1963

1246/2536

33/2536

2536

%

61.4%

45.5%

< 0.001

49.1%

1.3%

108.3 (15.2)

p. value*

 

0.588

0.920

0.828

0.008

0.244

  1. N: total number of cases. NA Not applicable
  2. * p. value for categorical data (anaemia) is calculated based on Chi-square test and for continuous data (haemoglobin level) is based on ANOVA test