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Table 1 Results of Meta-analysis on children with COVID-19

From: Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Characteristics

Events/Total

N of studies

Mean/Pooled incidence (%)

95% CI

I2 (%)

P- value

Publication bias (p- value)

Demographic information

 Male

2305/4218

29

53.6

49.4–57.7

50

< 0.01

0.2161

 Age (years)

4300/4300

29

7.04

5.06–9.08

99.79

< 0.01

< 0.05

  < 1

602/4176

24

12.0

6.3–18.8

92

< 0.01

0.7211

 1–4

456/3791

21

14.9

10.5–19.6

60

< 0.01

< 0.05

 5–9

619/3791

21

23.2

17.7–29.0

67

< 0.01

< 0.05

 10–14

960/3791

21

23.1

21.6–24.6

42

0.02

0.2341

 15–19

1253/3962

21

5.8

0.9–13.3

95

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Comorbidities

159/927

12

9.9

2.0–21.5

94

< 0.01

0.5658

Epidemiology

 Linkage to Wuhan

275/465

21

39.8

18.0–63.5

95

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Family cluster

525/704

20

81.5

71.0–90.3

86

< 0.01

0.5347

Severity of disease

 Mild & Common

344/347

14

100.0

99.1–100.0

0

1.00

0.4795

 Severe

2/347

14

0

0.0–0.6

0

1.0

0.0968

 Critical

1/347

14

0

0.0–0.5

0

1.0

< 0.05

Clinical manifestations

 Asymptomatic

248/1726

28

18.9

12.1–26.6

86

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Fever

941/2017

29

52.7

44.3–62.0

87

< 0.01

0.1689

 Mild (37.7 °C–38.0 °C)

72/426

14

19.2

12.0–27.4

56

< 0.01

0.0575

 Moderate (38.1 °C–39.0 °C)

95/433

15

15.5

9.0–22.9

54

< 0.01

0.0819

 High (39.1 °C-)

44/438

15

8.2

2.8–15.3

66

< 0.01

0.5681

 Cough

1035/2017

29

41.9

35.7–48.1

72

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Expectoration

14/270

17

1.4

0.0–4.1

43

0.03

0.464

 Pharyngeal erythema

105/429

17

6.0

0.0–19.1

91

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Sore throat

425/1985

27

5.0

0.6–11.8

93

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Rhinorrhea

455/1827

27

3.5

0.1–9.8

93

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Stuffy nose

26/592

24

1.0

0.1–2.5

46

< 0.01

0.4097

 Diarrhea

98/1021

26

4.2

1.8–7.3

45

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Vomiting

69/1021

26

3.5

2.1–5.1

35

0.04

0.0632

 Tachypnea/dyspnea

117/1057

27

2.5

1.6–4.8

72

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Fatigue/myalgia

103/1044

25

2.7

0.3–6.4

73

< 0.01

< 0.05

Laboratory findings

 WBC decreased

86/509

20

10.6

5.4–16.8

60

< 0.01

0.1130

 WBC increased

38/302

18

10.3

6.6–14.6

0

0.62

0.6663

 L decreased

56/497

19

10.8

3.9–19.7

80

< 0.01

0.131

 L increased

33/182

13

15.4

9.8–21.7

43

0.05

0.7734

 ALT increased

39/405

15

6.5

3.8–9.6

43

0.04

0.3616

 AST increased

58/423

14

10.9

5.0–18.2

65

< 0.01

0.7864

 LDH increased

51/183

13

23.0

8.8–38.3

79

< 0.01

0.7704

 CRP increased

107/537

18

12.3

5.4–21.0

77

< 0.01

0.2760

Radiographic evaluation

 Normal

166/501

23

37.4

28.0–47.4

77

< 0.01

< 0.05

 GGO

169/456

19

35.7

31.0–40.5

49

< 0.01

0.6935

 Consolidation

38/224

14

10.5

1.6–23.6

80

< 0.01

0.7874

 Unilateral compromised

93/365

15

28.2

19.4–37.8

55

0.01

0.0912

 Bilateral compromised

74/365

15

21.9

10.4–35.5

80

< 0.01

0.2329

Therapy

 Oxygen therapy

38/480

17

4.9

2.7–7.5

22

0.2

0.2031

Antiviral treatmen

 Interferon

140/370

15

63.0

25.5–93.9

98

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Lopinavir-ritonavir

68/216

13

26.0

11.8–42.7

83

< 0.01

0.5968

 Ribavirin

14/216

13

2.9

0.5–6.4

46

0.03

0.8658

 Oseltamivir

40/216

13

10.5

0.5–27.2

88

< 0.01

0.755

 Arbidor

35/216

13

5.9

0.0–17.8

82

< 0.01

0.1585

 Antibiotics

23/182

13

11.3

1.8–25.4

79

< 0.01

0.1121

 Corticosteroid

6/387

16

0.0

0.0–0.4

13

0.30

< 0.05

 Immunoglobin

8/381

16

0.0

0.0–0.3

55

< 0.01

< 0.05

 Mechanic ventilation

6/737

23

0.0

0.0–0.2

0

1.0

0.1143

Outcomes

 Discharged

419/553

20

84.1

69.6–95.1

92

< 0.01

0.7479

 ICU admission

32/1587

28

0.1

0.0–1.3

51

< 0.01

0.1641

 Death

4/4278

14

0.0

0.0–0.0

0

1

< 0.05

  1. Note: WBC white blood cell counts, L lymphocyte counts, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CRP C-reactive protein, GGO ground-glass opacity, ICU intensive care unit
  2. If the observed index wasn’t reported in a research, 0 cases were calculated as occurred
  3. Linkage to Wuhan referred to children who resided in Wuhan or travelled to Wuhan or contacted with people from Wuhan before the onset of infection
  4. Family cluster was defined as more than one infected family member residing with the child
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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