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Table 1 Characteristics of the included trials

From: Exploring the efficacy of using hypertonic saline for nebulizing treatment in children with bronchiolitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Study

Patients

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome

year

 

Average age (male %)

3% H/S

Additional drugs

0.9% N/S

Additional drugs

 

Country

RSV positive rate

Al-Ansari et al. 2010 [30]

[?]Saudi Arabia

< 18 mon

Inpatients

n = 114

3.9 mon (59.1%)

No information

5 mL (n = 58)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

5 mL (n = 56)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

LOS

CSS

Angoulvant et al. 2017 [31]

France

6 wk. ~ 12 mon

ED

n = 772

3 mon (60.2%)

86.4%

4 mL (n = 385)

 

4 mL (n = 387)

 

RDAI

ROH

Adverse events

Anil et al. 2010 [32]

Turkey

6 wk. ~ 24 mon

ED

n = 149

9.5 mon (64.5%)

No information

1) 4 mL (n = 39)

2) 4 mL (n = 36)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

1) 4 mL (n = 38)

2) 4 mL (n = 36)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

ROH

ROR

Everard et al. 2014 [8]

UK

< 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 291

3.4 mon (54.5%)

61.5%

4 mL (n = 142)

+ standard care

(n = 149)

*Nebulizer use not reported

+ standard care

LOS

RDAI

Flores et al. 2016 [27]

Portugal

< 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 68

3.6 mon (52.9%)

85.4%

3 mL (n = 33)

+  1.25 mg salbutamol

3 mL (n = 35)

+ 1.25 mg salbutamol

LOS

CSS

Florin et al. 2014 [28]

USA

2 ~ 24 mon

ED

n = 62

6.7 mon (45.2%)

No information

4 mL (n = 31)

 

4 mL (n = 31)

 

ROH

Grewal et al. 2009 [33]

Canada

6 wk. ~ 12 mon

ED

n = 46

5 mon (60.9%)

82.2%

2.5 mL (n = 23)

+  0.5 mL 2.25% epinephrine

2.5 mL (n = 23)

+  0.5 mL 2.25% epinephrine

RDAI

ROH

ROR

Hou et al. 2016 [34]

China

1 ~ 11 mon

Inpatients

n = 34

6 M (50.4%)

No information

(n = 17)

*how many milliliters not reported

+  1.25 ml atrovent

+  1 ml budesonide

(n = 17)

*how many milliliters not reported

+  1.25 ml atrovent

+  1 ml budesonide

LOS

TOS

FOWITN

Ipek et al.2011 [35]

Turkey

< 24 mon

ED

n = 120

7.9 mon (59.2%)

No information

1) 4 mL (n = 30)

2) 4 mL (n = 30)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

1) 4 mL (n = 30)

2) 4 mL (n = 30)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

ROH

Islam et al. 2018 [36]

Bangladesh

1 ~ 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 90

5.4 mon (56.6%)

No information

4 mL (n = 45)

 

4 mL (n = 45)

 

LOS

CSS

Kanjanapradap et al. 2018 [37]

Thailand

6 mon~ 5 years

Inpatients

n = 47

20.1 mon (60%)

25.5%

3.5 mL (n = 22)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

3.5 mL (n = 25)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

 

Khanal et al. 2015 [38]

Nepal

6 wk. ~ 24 mon

ED/OPD

n = 100

9.7 M (48%)

No information

4 mL (n = 50)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

4 mL (n = 50)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

ROR

Kose et al. 2016 [39]

Turkey

1 ~ 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 70

7.6 mon (40.3%)

No information

2.5 mL (n = 35)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

2.5 mL (n = 35)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

LOS

CSS

Kuzik et al. 2007 [40]

Canada

< 18 mon

Inpatients

n = 91

4.7 mon (59.4%)

68.5%

4 mL (n = 45)

 

4 mL (n = 46)

 

LOS

Kuzik et al. 2010 [41]

Canada

< 24 mon

ED

n = 88

8.9 mon (77.5%)

47%

History of asthma

4 mL (n = 44)

+  1 mg salbutamol

4 mL (n = 44)

+  1 mg salbutamol

RDAI

ROH

Li et al. 2014 [42]

China

2 ~ 18 mon

OPD

n = 84

7.2 mon (73.3%)

No information

2 mL (n = 42)

 

2 mL (n = 42)

 

CSS

Luo et al. 2010 [44]

China

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 93

5.8 mon (60.2%)

69.9%

4 mL (n = 50)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

4 mL (n = 43)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

LOS

CSS

Luo et al. 2011 [43]

China

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 112

5.9 mon (56.3%)

73.2%

4 mL (n = 57)

 

4 mL (n = 55)

 

LOS

CSS

Mahesh Kumar et al. 2013 [45]

India

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 40

5.9 mon (62.5%)

No information

3 mL (n = 20)

+  0.15 mg/kg albuterol

3 mL (n = 20)

+  0.15 mg/kg albuterol

LOS

Mandelberg et al. 2003 [46]

Israel

< 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 52

2.9 mon (57.7%)

86.5%

4 mL (n = 27)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

4 mL (n = 25)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

LOS

CSS

Miraglia et al. 2012 [47]

Italy

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 106

4.5 mon (65.1%)

82%

4 mL (n = 52)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

4 mL (n = 54)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

LOS

CSS

Morikawa et al. 2018 [48]

Japan

< 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 128

4.3 mon (39.2%)

No information

2 mL (n = 63)

+  0.5% 0.1 mL salbutamol

2 mL (n = 65)

+  0.5% 0.1 mL salbutamol

LOS

Ojha et al. 2014 [49]

Nepal

6 wk. ~ 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 59

8.5 mon (74%)

No information

4 mL (n = 28)

 

4 mL (n = 31)

 

LOS

Pandit et al. 2013 [50]

India

2 ~ 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 100

Not reported (Not reported)

No information

4 mL (n = 51)

+  1 mL adrenaline

4 mL (n = 49)

+  1 mL adrenaline

LOS

Ratajczyk-Pekrul et al. 2016 [51]

Poland

< 18 mon

Inpatients

n = 78

4.9 mon (58.9%)

53.5%

3 mL (n = 41)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

3 mL (n = 37)

+  0.15 mg/kg salbutamol

LOS

Sarrell et al. 2002 [52]

Israel

< 24 mon

OPD

n = 65

12.5 mon (59%)

80%

2 mL (n = 33)

+  5 mg terbutaline

2 mL (n = 32)

+  5 mg terbutaline

ROH

Sharma et al. 2013 [53]

India

1 ~ 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 248

8.5 mon (76.2%)

No information

4 mL (n = 125)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

4 mL (n = 123)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

LOS

Silver et al. 2015 [54]

USA

< 12 mon

Inpatients

n = 190

4.2 mon (61%)

67.5%

History of asthma

4 mL (n = 93)

 

4 mL (n = 97)

 

ROR

Tal et al. 2006 [55]

Israel

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 41

2.6 mon (56.1%)

80.5%

4 mL (n = 21)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

4 mL (n = 20)

+  1.5 mg epinephrine

LOS

CSS

Teunissen et al. 2014 [56]

The Netherlands

< 24 mon

Inpatients

n = 164

3.4 mon (57.1%)

86.2%

4 mL (n = 84)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

4 mL (n = 80)

+  2.5 mg salbutamol

LOS

Wang et al. 2014 [57]

China

2 ~ 14 mon

Inpatients

n = 76

5.8 mon (56.6%)

No information

2 mL (n = 37)

+  0.5 ml salbutamol

+  0.5 mg budesonide

2 mL (n = 39)

+  0.5 ml salbutamol

+  0.5 mg budesonide

LOS

TOS

FOWITN

Wu et al. 2014 [58]

USA

< 24 mon

ED

n = 408

6.5 mon (56.8%)

62.4%

4 mL (n = 211)

 

4 mL (n = 197)

 

RDAI

ROH

  1. 1. ED, emergency department; OPD, outpatient department; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus
  2. 2. 3% HS, 3% hypertonic saline; 0.9% NS, 0.9% normal saline
  3. 3. Epinephrine: Adrenaline; Atrovent, Salbutamol, Albuterol, Terbutaline: Bronchodilator; Budesonide: Corticosteroids
  4. 4. CSS, clinical severity score; RDAI, respiratory distress assessment instrument; LOS, length of hospital stay; ROH, rate of hospitalization; ROR, rate of re-admission; TOS, time of sleeping; FOWITN, frequency of waking up in the night