Diaper-embedded urine test device for the screening of urinary tract infections in children: a cohort study

BMC Pediatrics

Table 3 Performance of the diaper-embedded urine test nitrites in the screening of bacterial culture-confirmed UTI^a

Nitrite	Sensitivity	%	(95% CI)	Specificity	%	(95% CI)	PPV	%	(95% CI)	NPV	%	(95% CI)
Group 1 (n = 528)
Embedded test	63/131	48.1	39.3–57.0	384/397	96.7	94.5–98.3	63/76	82.9	72.5–90.1	384/452	85.0	81.3–88.1
Urine dipstick	67/131	51.2	42.3–60.0	379/397	95.5	92.9–97.3	67/85	78.8	68.6–86.9	379/334	85.6	81.9–88.7
Group 2 (n = 547)
Embedded test	64/139	46.0	37.6–54.7	393/408	96.3	94.0–97.9	64/79	81.0	70.6–89.0	393/468	84.0	80.3–87.2
Laboratory	52/139	37.4	29.4–46.0	401/401	98.3	96.5–99.3	52/59	88.1	77.1–95.1	401/488	82.2	78.5–85.5

PPV Positive predictive value, NPV Negative predictive value, UTI Urinary tract infection
Group 1: diaper-embedded test vs. urine dipstick test; Group 2: diaper-embedded test vs. laboratory screening test
^a UTI was defined as 1) a positive urine culture, defined as growth of > 10⁵ colony-forming units of the same pathogen per ml in two subsequent clean voided urine or urine collection pad samples; 2) growth of > 10⁵ and < 10⁴ colony-forming units of the same pathogen per ml in two subsequent clean voided urine or urine collection pad samples; 3) if only one sample was collected, growth of > 10⁵ colony-forming units of the known uropathogen per ml in the clean voided urine or urine collection pad samples; or 4) any magnitude of bacterial growth in a urine sample obtained by suprapubic bladder aspiration

ISSN: 1471-2431