Prevalence and risk factors of nocturnal enuresis among children ages 5–12 years in Xi’an, China: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Univariate analysis of associated factors of NE among children ages 5–12 years

Factors		Total number	NE	non-NE	Prevalence(%)	χ²	P
Delivery mode	Natural labor	3576	125	3451	3.50	4.992	0.025
Delivery mode	Caesarean birth	2992	137	2855	4.58	4.992	0.025
Duration of using DD	Never use	994	19	975	1.91	131.360	< 0.001**
	0-1 year	2532	59	2473	2.33
	> 1 but ≤2 years	2492	122	2370	4.90
	> 2 but ≤3 years	454	32	422	7.05
	> 3 but ≤4 years	67	16	51	23.88
	> 4 years	29	14	15	48.28
Toilet training onset time	< 6 months of age	2368	71	2297	3.00	20.940	< 0.001**
	6-12 months of age	2555	107	2448	4.19
	13-18 months of age	998	37	961	3.71
	> 18 months of age	149	8	141	5.37
	never training	498	39	459	7.83
Living habits during the day	Drinking sugary beverages	971	52	919	5.36	16.304	0.001
	Eating sweets	1645	74	1571	4.50
	drinking low amounts of plain water(< 500 ml)	1505	68	1437	4.52
	None of the above	2447	68	2379	2.78
Drinking plain water and eating fruits before bed	No	2429	79	2350	3.25	5.462	0.019
Drinking plain water and eating fruits before bed	Yes	4139	183	3956	4.42	5.462	0.019
The time to fall asleep	Before 21:00	1114	24	1090	2.15	14.757	< 0.001**
	21:00–23:00	5354	230	5124	4.30
	After 23:00	100	8	92	8.00
Awakening from sleep	Easy	2122	65	2057	3.06	7.017	0.008
Awakening from sleep	Difficult	4446	197	4249	4.43	7.017	0.008
Sleep disorders	Yes	1773	106	1667	5.98	25.100	< 0.001
Sleep disorders	No	4795	156	4639	3.25	25.100	< 0.001
Playing games before bed	No	4384	161	4223	3.67	3.884	0.049**
	Sometimes	2103	96	2007	4.56
	Often	81	5	76	6.17
Academic performance	Good	4289	149	4140	3.47	17.053	< 0.001**
	General	2153	96	2057	4.46
	Poor	126	17	109	13.49
Family history of NE	No	4939	77	4862	1.56	390.83	< 0.001
	Not sure	1130	95	1035	8.41
	Yes	499	90	409	18.04

Note: NE = nocturnal enuresis; DD = disposable diaper. ** P value for Chi-squared test for trend, and other P value for Chi-squared test

ISSN: 1471-2431