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Table 3 Multinomial multivariate regression models for IDA and non-IDA

From: Iron deficiency anaemia among 6-to-36-month children from northern Angola

Independent variables

 

Non anemic

IDA

p

Non-IDA

p

 

OR (IC95%)

OR (IC95%)

Total population (1)

 Age

< 6 months

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

6–23 months

 

7.4 (2.87, 19.11)

< 0.001

0.7 (0.43, 1.15)

0.166

24–36 months

 

2.0 (0.73, 5.53)

0.180

0.5 (0.27, 0.80)

0.006

 Children’s gender

Female

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

Male

 

2.0 (1.32, 2.91)

0.001

1.3 (0.87, 1.81)

0.216

 Zinc

Normal

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

Deficiency

 

1.6 (0.67, 3.61)

0.306

3.2 (1.64, 6.25)

0.001

Overload

 

0.8 (0.47, 1.26)

0.300

0.6 (0.36, 0.96)

0.033

P. falciparum

No

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

Yes

 

1.3 (0.26, 6.81)

0.733

3.1 (1.05, 9.42)

0.041

 Inflammation

No

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

Malarial Inflammation

 

3.8 (0.56, 25.70)

0.174

1.8 (0.44, 7.36)

0.415

Non-malarial Inflammation

 

2.4 (1.62, 3.65)

< 0.001

1.3 (0.90, 1.94)

0.157

 Sickle cell (HBB genotype)

AA

1

Ref

 

Ref

 

AS

 

1.00 (0.59, 1.55)

0.853

1.6 (1.03, 2.35)

0.035

SS

 

1.2 (0.10, 13.54)

0.904

16.6 (3.56, 77.04)

< 0.001

Children under 6 month (2)

 Age

Continuous variable

1

–

–

1.3 (1.02, 1.57)

0.031

Normal

1

–

–

Ref

 

 Zinc

Deficiency

 

–

–

1.1 (0.20, 5.85)

0.927

Overload

 

–

–

0.3 (0.12, 0.73)

0.008

Children 6 to 23 months (3)

 Gender

Female

1

    

Male

 

2.1 (1.34, 3.27)

0.001

1.3 (0.78, 2.10)

0.321

 Continued breastfeeding

No

1

    

Yes

 

1.9 (1.11, 3.13)

0.019

1.6 (0.92, 2.90)

0.095

 Zinc

Normal

1

    

Deficiency

 

1.4 (0.42, 4.48)

0.604

4.4 (1.55, 12.28)

0.005

Overload

 

0.8 (0.44, 1.30)

0.307

0.7 (0.35, 1.27)

0.221

 Inflammation

No

1

    

Malarial Inflammation

 

2.3 (0.43, 11.95)

0.331

9.1 (2.34, 35.71)

0.001

Non-malarial Inflammation

 

2.2 (1.42, 3.47)

< 0.001

1.5 (0.90, 2.48)

0.119

Children 24 to 36 months (4)

 Age

Continuous variable

1

0.9 (0.77, 0.98)

0.020

1.0 (0.955, 1.13)

0.408

 Zinc

Normal

1

    

Deficiency

 

1.4 (0.38, 5.28)

0.609

3.6 (1.41, 9.09)

0.007

Overload

 

1.0 (0.26, 4.14)

0.960

0.7 (0.23, 2.35)

0.605

 Stunting

Normal

1

    

Moderate to severe

 

2.6 (1.09, 6.20)

0.031

1.2 (0.60, 2.23)

0.675

 Inflammation

No

     

Malarial Inflammation

1

18.2 (3.55, 92.76)

< 0.001

2.3 (0.54, 9.94)

0.262

Non-malarial Inflammation

 

4.0 (1.45, 11.01)

0.007

0.4 (0.21, 0.90)

0.024

  1. Only variables with a significance level of 10% (p < 0.10) were included as independent variables in a multivariate multinomial model [1]. Variables excluded from the model (p > 0.05): educational level of the caregiver, breeding or hunting animals, main source of drinking and bath water and being infected with at least one intestinal or urogenital parasite. Model adjustment: Pearson: χ2(170) = 162.9, p = 0.638; Deviance: χ2(170) = 169.9, p = 0.488; R2 Nagelkerke = 0.208 [2]. Variables excluded from the model (p > 0.05): Inflammation (Non-malarial inflammation). Model adjustment: Pearson: χ2(22) = 43.1, p = 0.500; Deviance: χ2(22) = 48.6, p = 0.100; R2 Nagelkerke = 13.5% [3]. Variables excluded from the model (p > 0.05): N° of children, Minimum Dietary Diversity (Non-continued breastfeed), main water drinking source, n° of children < 5 years, having at least one intestinal/urogenital parasite, sickle cell, P. falciparum. Model adjustment: Pearson: χ2(40) = 27.3, p = 0.938; Deviance: χ2(40) = 31.0, p = 0.845; R2 Nagelkerke = 13.0% [4]. Variables excluded from the model (p > 0.05): Number of residents, latrine ownership, P. falciparum, Food frequency. Model adjustment: Pearson: χ2(176) = 170.5, p = 0.604; Deviance: χ2(176) = 167.0, p = 0.675; R2 Nagelkerke = 20.3%