Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects
Characteristics | Total Cohort (n = 244 (100%)) | Linear Growth at Study Endpoint | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 184 (75%)) | Stunted (n = 60 (25%)) | |||
Age, mo - mean ± SD | 20.51 ± 7.01 | 20.24 ± 7.10 | 21.32 ± 6.71 | 0.30a |
Gender - n (%) | ||||
Male | 101 (41.39) | 76 (41.30) | 25 (41.67) | 1.00c |
Female | 143 (58.61) | 108 (58.70) | 35 (58.33) | 1.00c |
Maternal Pregnancy History - mean ± SD | ||||
Age at first Pregnancy | 20.18 ± 3.81 | 20.27 ± 3.44 | 19.89 ± 4.83 | 0.52a |
Gravida | 4.14 ± 2.44 | 4.05 ± 2.31 | 4.42 ± 2.81 | 0.31a |
Parity | 3.16 ± 1.94 | 3.07 ± 1.69 | 3.45 ± 2.55 | 0.18a |
Additional Pregnancyd - n (%) | 12 (4.92) | 8 (4.35) | 4 (6.67) | 0.71b |
Maternal Infection Burden during Pregnancy - n (%) | ||||
Prenatal | ||||
None | 65 (26.64) | 49 (26.63) | 16 (26.67) | 1.00c |
1 Infection | 91 (37.29) | 65 (35.33) | 26 (43.33) | 0.34c |
2 Infections | 63 (25.82) | 49 (26.63) | 14 (23.33) | 0.74c |
3+ Infections | 25 (10.25) | 21 (11.41) | 4 (6.67) | 0.42b |
At Delivery | ||||
None | 142 (58.20) | 109 (59.24) | 33 (55.00) | 0.67c |
1 Infection | 74 (30.33) | 55 (29.89) | 19 (31.67) | 0.92c |
2 Infections | 24 (9.83) | 19 (10.33) | 5 (8.33) | 0.84b |
3+ Infections | 4 (1.64) | 1 (0.54) | 3 (5.00) | 0.08b |
Birth weight, g – mean ± SD | 3007 ± 463 | 3081 ± 435 | 2782 ± 475 | < 0.001a |
Low Birth Weight (< 2500 g) | 26 (10.66) | 14 (7.61) | 12 (20.00) | 0.01c |
Other Nutritional Proxies - n (%) | ||||
Underweight (WAZ < -2) | 17 (6.97) | 5 (2.72) | 12 (20.00) | < 0.001c |
Wasted (WHZ < -2) | 11 (4.51) | 6 (3.26) | 5 (8.33) | 0.20c |
Child Infection Burden - n (%) | ||||
Malaria | 0.02b | |||
0 Times | 209 (85.65) | 162 (88.04) | 47 (78.33) | |
1 Time | 26 (10.66) | 14 (7.61) | 12 (20.00) | |
2+ Times | 9 (3.69) | 8 (4.35) | 1 (1.67) | |
Hookworm | 0.11b | |||
0 Times | 217 (88.93) | 168 (91.30) | 49 (81.67) | |
1 Time | 23 (9.43) | 14 (7.61) | 9 (15.00) | |
2+ Times | 4 (1.64) | 2 (1.09) | 2 (3.33) | |
Trichuris | 0.26b | |||
0 Times | 233 (95.49) | 178 (96.74) | 55 (91.67) | |
1 Time | 9 (3.69) | 5 (2.72) | 4 (6.67) | |
2+ Times | 2 (0.82) | 1 (0.54) | 1 (1.67) | |
Ascaris | 0.07b | |||
0 Times | 235 (96.31) | 180 (97.83) | 55 (91.67) | |
1 Time | 9 (3.69) | 4 (2.17) | 5 (8.33) | |
Giardia | 0.64b | |||
0 Times | 218 (89.34) | 164 (89.13) | 54 (90.00) | |
1 Time | 24 (9.84) | 19 (10.33) | 5 (8.33) | |
2+ Times | 2 (0.82) | 1 (0.54) | 1 (1.67) | |
Strongyloides | 0.30b | |||
0 Times | 241 (98.77) | 183 (99.46) | 58 (96.67) | |
1 Time | 3 (1.23) | 1 (0.54) | 2 (3.33) | |
Entamoeba | 0.57b | |||
0 Times | 235 (96.31) | 176 (95.65) | 59 (98.33) | |
1 Time | 9 (3.69) | 8 (4.35) | 1 (1.67) | |
Any Infection | 94 (38.52) | 63 (34.24) | 31 (51.67) | 0.02c |
Total Infections- mean ± SD | 0.57 ± 0.96 | 0.49 ± 0.95 | 0.82 ± 0.98 | 0.02a |