Community initiated kangaroo mother care and early child development in low birth weight infants in India-a randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Effect of KMC on maternal PHQ-9 scores, mother-infant bonding, maternal sense of competence and home environment

Outcome	Mean (SD)	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis	P-value
Outcome	Mean (SD)	Unadjusted ß (95% CI)	Adjusted ß (95% CI)^a
At 6 wks of infant age (N = 544)
Maternal PHQ-9 scores
Control	1 (0–3)	Ref	Ref
KMC	1 (0–3)	−0.08 (−0.56 to 0.39)	−0.12 (− 0.61 to 0.37)	0.642
Mother-infant bonding
Control	86.44 (5.5)	Ref	Ref
KMC	87.33 (5.2)	0.89 (−0.02 to 1.79)	0.82 (−0.08 to 1.72)	0.075
Maternal sense of competence
Control	34.30 (3.6)	Ref	Ref
KMC	34.75 (3.5)	0.45 (−0.15 to 1.04)	0.43 (−0.18 to 1.03)	0.169
At 6 months of infant age (N = 544)
Maternal PHQ-9 scores
Control	0 (0–0)	Ref	Ref
KMC	0 (0–0)	−0.01 (−0.24 to 0.22)	−0.04 (− 0.26 to 0.19)	0.759
At 12 months of infant age (N = 516)
Maternal sense of competence
Control	37.13 (2.7)	Ref	Ref
KMC	37.25 (2.7)	0.12 (−0.36 to 0.59)	0.14 (−0.34 to 0.62)	0.571
Home environment (PROCESS scores)
Control	125.02 (16.5)	Ref	Ref
KMC	123.01 (16.6)	−2.00 (−4.86 to 0.85)	−1.20 (−3.79 to 1.39)	0.363

β reflects the difference in mean scores between the intervention and control groups of the trial
^aAdjusted for socio-demographic characteristics (wealth quintile, religion, caste and number of family members) ; maternal characteristics (maternal age, maternal education); paternal characteristics (father’s age, father’s education); birth related characteristics (birth order, parity); infant characteristics (sex, birth weight, gestational age) and hospitalization in the neonatal period

ISSN: 1471-2431