Effectiveness of a school-based intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice on healthy lifestyle and body composition in Malaysian adolescents

Table 4 Mean values and between-group differences for body composition (n = 76)

Variable	Pre	Post I					Post II
Variable	Mean (SD)	Adjusted mean (95% CI)^a	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^b	F	p-value	Adjusted effect size^c	Adjusted mean (95% CI)^a	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^b	F	p-value	Adjusted effect size^c
zBMI
IG	0.48 (1.45)	0.21 (0.06, 0.37)	− 0.20 (− 0.41, 0.02)	3.44	0.068	0.05 (S)	0.23 (− 0.05, 0.51)	−0.14 (− 0.53, 0.24)	0.57	0.453	0.01 (S)
CG	0.11 (1.86)	0.41 (0.27, 0.54)					0.38 (0.13, 0.62)
WC (cm)
IG	69.3 (9.7)	70.9 (69.6, 72.2)	−0.0 (−1.8, 1.7)	0.00	0.973	0.00 (N)	71.6 (69.0, 74.2)	−1.3 (−4.9, 2.3)	0.53	0.467	0.01 (S)
CG	67.3 (14.3)	70.9 (69.8, 72.0)					72.9 (70.6, 75.2)
BF%
IG	25.2 (6.8)	23.3 (22.4, 24.2)	−1.2 (−2.4, 0.1)	3.39	0.070	0.05 (S)	23.3 (22.4, 24.3)	−0.7.(− 2.0, 0.7)	0.96	0.330	0.01 (S)
CG	21.5 (6.3)	24.4 (23.6, 25.2)					24.0 (23.2, 24.8)

^aAdjusted mean using analysis of covariance after controlling for age, sex and pre-intervention variables
^bBonferroni adjustment for 95% confidence interval (CI) for difference
^cEffect sizes: 0.01 = small; 0.06 = moderate; 0.14 = large (Cohen, [34]); N = negligible, S = small

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