Effectiveness of a school-based intervention on knowledge, attitude and practice on healthy lifestyle and body composition in Malaysian adolescents

Table 2 Mean scores and between-group differences for KAP supporting a healthy lifestyle (n = 76)

Variable^a	Pre	Post I					Post II
Variable^a	Mean (SD)	Adjusted mean (95% CI)^b	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^c	F	p-value	Adjusted effect size^d	Adjusted mean (95% CI)^b	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^c	F	p-value	Adjusted effect size^d
Knowledge
IG	15.03 (3.22)	18.05 (16.36, 19.75)	3.34 (0.99, 5.69)*	8.03	0.006	0.10 (M)	18.02 (16.61, 19.44)	2.82 (0.86, 4.78)*	8.26	0.005	0.11 (M)
CG	12.12 (3.62)	14.72 (13.27, 16.16)					15.20 (14.00, 16.40)
Attitude
IG	108.97 (10.79)	107.43 (104.08, 110.77)	−0.30 (−4.86, 4.25)	0.02	0.895	0.00 (N)	107.78 (103.80, 111.76)	2.66 (−2.76, 8.07)	0.96	0.331	0.01 (S)
CG	104.10 (11.37)	107.73 (104.82, 110.64)					105.12 (101.66, 108.58)
Practice
IG	112.00 (11.73)	106.92 (103.40, 110.44)	−3.95 (−8.73, 0.83)	2.72	0.103	0.04 (S)	108.13 (103.67, 112.59)	−3.23 (−9.28, 2.82)	1.14	0.290	0.02 (S)
CG	108.26 (11.72)	110.87 (107.82, 113.92)					111.37 (107.50, 115.23)

*Significant difference (p < 0.05)
^aScore ranges: knowledge (0–32), attitude (24–144), practice (35–175). Higher scores in the respective scales indicate better knowledge of a healthy lifestyle, more positive attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle and a healthier lifestyle being practised
^bAdjusted mean using analysis of covariance after controlling for age, sex and pre-intervention variables
^cBonferroni adjustment for 95% confidence interval for differences
^dEffect sizes: 0.01 = small; 0.06 = moderate; 0.14 = large (Cohen, [34]); N = negligible, S = small; M = moderate

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