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Table 2 Association of bonding disorders with the prevalence of CL/P

From: Association of cleft lip and palate on mother-to-infant bonding: a cross-sectional study in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

< 35, Primiparae,

Healthy (n = 25,628)

CL/P (n = 71)

p value

Bonding disorders, n (%)

3,528 (13.8)

5 (7.0)

 

Crude

1.00

0.51 (0.21-1.26)

0.146

Model 1a

1.00

0.44 (0.18-1.09)

0.076

Model 2b

1.00

0.44 (0.18-1.12)

0.085

< 35, Multiparae

Healthy (n = 31,693)

CL/P (n = 85)

p value

Bonding disorders, n (%)

3,104 (9.8)

9 (10.1)

 

Crude

1.00

1.11 (0.55-2.23)

0.780

Model 1a

1.00

1.03 (0.51-2.07)

0.946

Model 2b

1.00

1.03 (0.50-2.10)

0.941

≥ 35, Primiparae

Healthy (n = 6,536)

CL/P (n = 18)

p value

Bonding disorders, n (%)

895 (13.7)

3 (16.7)

 

Crude

1.00

1.26 (0.67-2.38)

0.714

Model 1a

1.00

1.14 (0.61-2.15)

0.836

Model 2b

1.00

1.24 (0.66-2.33)

0.739

≥ 35, Multiparae

Healthy (n = 15,072)

CL/P (n = 37)

p value

Bonding disorders, n (%)

1,503 (10.0)

9 (24.3)

 

Crude

1.00

2.90 (1.58-5.34)

0.006

Model 1a

1.00

2.51 (1.17-5.37)

0.018

Model 2b

1.00

2.18 (0.96-4.95)

0.062

  1. Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (all such values) for bonding disorders were compered with the reference participants
  2. aAdjusted for maternal factors (smoking and drinking habits, feeding pattern, and infant sex)
  3. bAdditionally adjusted for maternal depression with Model 1
  4. P values representing significant differences (<0.05) are indicated in bold