Table 1 Baseline household, maternal, and newborn characteristics of neonates by oil groups, Sarlahi, Nepal

Ethnic Group

N = 500

N = 494

 Pahadi

23

4.6

37

7.5

 Madeshi

477

95.4

457

92.5

Maternal literacy

N = 500

N = 494

 Literate

147

29.4

132

26.7

Paternal literacy

N = 500

N = 494

 Literate

278

55.6

275

55.7

Maternal Education

N = 500

N = 495

 None

351

70.2

361

72.9

 1–5 yrs

48

9.6

41

8.3

 6–10 yrs

79

15.8

71

14.3

  > 10 yrs

22

4.4

22

4.4

Paternal Education

N = 500

N = 495

 None

219

43.8

216

43.6

 1–5 yrs

77

15.4

76

15.4

 6–10 yrs

165

33.0

169

34.1

  > 10 yrs

39

7.8

34

6.9

Maternal Age

N = 500

N = 494

  < 18 yrs

55

11.0

52

10.5

 18–24 yrs

295

59.0

300

60.7

 25–29 yrs

105

21.0

100

20.2

  > =30 yrs

45

9.0

42

8.5

Parity

N = 500

N = 494

 None

145

29.0

136

27.5

 1–2

219

43.8

229

46.3

 3–4

114

22.8

113

22.8

  > 5

22

4.4

17

3.4

Antenatal Care Visits

N = 500

N = 494

 No ANC

142

28.4

146

29.6

 1–2 ANC visits

188

37.6

182

36.8

 3–4 ANC visits

148

29.6

146

29.6

  > =5 ANC visits

22

4.4

20

4.0

Location of Delivery

N = 500

N = 494

 Home

360

72.0

339

68.6

 Facility

140

28.0

155

31.4

Sex

N = 500

N = 494

 Male

269

53.8

260

52.6

 Female

231

46.2

234

47.4

Gestational Age

N = 498

N = 491

  < 34 wks

56

11.2

56

11.4

 34–36 wks

148

29.7

139

28.3

  ≥ 37 wks

294

59.1

296

60.3

Birthweight

N = 498

N = 493

  < 1500 g

6

1.2

13

2.6

 1500-2499 g

161

32.3

183

37.1

  ≥ 2500 g

331

66.5

297

60.3

SGA¹ Status

N = 498

N = 493

 AGA²

268

53.8

269

54.6

 SGA 3–10%

110

22.1

95

19.3

 SGA 3%

120

24.1

129

26.2

Time to breastfeeding initiation (hrs)

N = 411

N = 427

  < 1

138

33.6

140

32.8

 1–2

225

54.7

227

53.2

 3–4

29

7.1

30

7.0

  ≥ 5

19

4.6

30

7.0

Time between first visit and last massage (minutes)

N = 496

N = 491

  < 30

117

23.6

96

19.6

 30–59

84

16.9

85

17.3

 60–119

128

25.8

136

27.7

 120–179

62

12.5

70

14.3

  ≥ 180

105

21.2

104

21.2

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Gestational Age (wks)

N = 498

N = 491

37.9

3.6

37.9

3.6

Birthweight (g)

N = 498

N = 493

2638.0

440.1

2593.5

494.8

Average # times massaged per day during 1st week of life

N = 491

N = 487

4.65

1.39

4.25

1.24