Table 1 The characteristics of the mothers in the H. pylori-seropositive and seronegative groups

Maternal age (years)

31.0 ± 4.0

32.1 ± 3.8

0.20

Maternal body height (cm)

159.5 ± 5.5

159.9 ± 4.4

0.70

Maternal pre-pregnancy body weight (kg)

52.2 ± 5.9

55.5 ± 8.2

0.06

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

20.6 ± 2.5

21.7 ± 3.1

0.09

Household size (person)

3.8 ± 1.7

3.7 ± 1.8

0.69

Annual household income

0.79

 Low^a

7 (28.0)

25 (30.9)

 Middle/High

18 (72.0)

56 (69.1)

Educational attainment

0.68

 Low/Middle^b

1 (4.0)

8 (11.1)

 High

24 (96.0)

73 (67.9)

Housewife

5 (20.0)

25 (30.9)

0.45

Primigravida

18 (72.0)

48 (59.3)

0.25

Smoking

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

1.00

Alcohol

3 (12.0)

5 (6.2)

0.39

Gestational age (weeks)

38.5 ± 1.0

38.8 ± 1.1

0.26

Placental weight (g)

505.2 ± 65.3

508.5 ± 47.4

0.79

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.9 ± 1.7

11.9 ± 1.4

0.98

Pregnancy-induced hypertension

3 (12.0)

1 (1.2)

0.04

Preeclampsia

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1.00

Bleeding at early gestation

0 (0.0)

2 (2.5)

1.00