Table 3 Body composition and chronic disease risk factor measurements at 13.5 years*

Measures at 13.5y

Weight (kg)

40.8 ± 8.3

43.5 ± 8.4

< 0.01

Height (cm)

154.4 ± 8.2

153.5 ± 5.9

0.22

BMI (kg/m²)

16.4 (15.4,18.0)

17.9 (16.2, 20.3)

< 0.01

Waist circumference (cm)

65.5 ± 7.7

67.7 ± 7.9

< 0.01

Waist Hip Ratio

0.89 ± 0.05

0.87 ± 0.05

< 0.01

MUAC (cm)

21.9 ± 2.7

22.3 ± 2.7

0.07

Triceps skin-fold (mm)

9.6 (7.7, 14.1)

14.5 (11.2, 18.4)

< 0.01

Subscapular skin-fold (mm)

9.2 (7.2, 13.6)

15.3 (11.3, 20.3)

< 0.01

Sum of skinfolds (mm)

18.3 (15.0, 28.6)

29.4 (22.3, 39.5)

< 0.01

Fat % from bio-impedance

17.6 ± 6.9

26.1 ± 5.8

< 0.01

Systolic blood pressure

110.5 ± 8.9

107.9 ± 7.9

< 0.01

Diastolic blood pressure

62.3 ± 7.9

58.8 ± 6.8

< 0.01

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

5.07 ± 0.53

5.02 ± 0.48

0.39

Fasting insulin (pmol/L)

33.7 (22.4, 48.8)

46.1 (36.5, 64.4)

< 0.01

HOMA-IR

1.27 (0.82, 1.80)

1.76 (1.35, 2.38)

< 0.01

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.45 ± 0.69

3.59 ± 0.62

0.04

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.07 ± 0.25

1.06 ± 0.23

0.52

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.01 ± 0.55

2.13 ± 0.48

0.04

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.69 (0.49, 0.98)

0.79 (0.60, 1.07)

0.02