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Table 2 Adjusted associations between maternal prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain and child cognitive test scores in boys and girls at age 7, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, enrolled from 1998 to 2006

From: Prepregnancy obesity is associated with cognitive outcomes in boys in a low-income, multiethnic birth cohort

 

Full Scale

Perceptual Reasoning

Processing Speed

Verbal Comprehension

Working Memory

 

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

β (95% CI)

p-value

BOYS (n = 165)

Model 1 Boys: Primary model with BMI

Prepregnancy BMI

 Underweight

−5.6 (−14.8, 3.7)

0.24

−4.4 (− 14.8, 5.9)

0.40

−8.0 (− 19.6, 3.5)

0.17

0.06 (− 8.2, 8.4)

0.99

− 3.5 (− 13.8, 6.7)

0.50

 Normal weight

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Overweight

−7.4 (−12.5, −2.3)

0.01

−7.6 (−13.3, − 1.9)

0.01

−8.9 (− 15.3, − 2.5)

0.01

−3.3 (− 7.9, 1.3)

0.15

−3.5 (− 9.1, 2.2)

0.23

 Obese

−6.1 (− 11.0, − 1.2)

0.02

−5.5 (− 11.0, − 0.05)

0.05

− 4.6 (− 10.7, 1.5)

0.14

− 4.3 (− 8.7, 0.1)

0.06

−4.8 (− 10.2, 0.6)

0.08

Model 2 Boys: Primary model with BMI, GWG Z-score, without HOME

Prepregnancy BMI

 Underweight

− 5.9 (− 15.2, 3.4)

0.21

−4.7 (− 15.1, 5.8)

0.38

−8.3 (− 20.0, 3.3)

0.16

−0.3 (− 8.6, 8.1)

0.95

−3.9 (− 14.2, 6.4)

0.46

 Normal weight

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Overweight

− 7.4 (− 12.5, − 2.3)

0.005

− 7.5 (− 13.3, − 1.8)

0.01

−8.9 (− 15.3, − 2.5)

0.01

−3.3 (− 7.9, 1.3)

0.16

− 3.4 (−9.1, 2.2)

0.23

 Obese

−6.5 (− 11.4, − 1.5)

0.01

−5.8 (−11.4, − 0.2)

0.04

−4.9 (− 11.2, 1.3)

0.12

− 4.6 (− 9.1, − 0.2)

0.04

− 5.1 (− 10.7, 0.4)

0.07

GWG Z-score

0.9 (−1.3, 3.0)

0.43

0.6 (−1.8, 3.0)

0.62

0.7 (− 2.0, 3.4)

0.60

0.8 (−1.1, 2.8)

0.39

0.8 (−1.6, 3.2)

0.49

GIRLS (n = 203)

Model 3 Girls: Primary model with BMI

Prepregnancy BMI

 Underweight

−1.4 (−9.3, 6,4)

0.72

−1.6 (− 10.4, 7.1)

0.72

3.9 (−6.5, 14.2)

0.46

−6.0 (− 13.3, 1.3)

0.11

1.4 (− 7.9, 10.8)

0.76

 Normal weight

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Overweight

−1.2 (−5.1, 2.6)

0.53

−0.39 (−4.7, 3.9)

0.86

−2.4 (−7.4, 2.7)

0.35

− 0.20 (−3.8, 3.4)

0.91

−1.2 (− 5.7, 3.4)

0.60

 Obese

− 0.74 (− 5.0, 3.5)

0.73

− 0.56 (− 5.3, 4.2)

0.82

−0.62 (−6.3, 5.0)

0.83

− 0.84 (− 4.8, 3.1)

0.68

0.24 (− 4.8, 5.3)

0.93

Model 4 Girls: Primary model with BMI, GWG Z-score without HOME

Prepregnancy BMI

 Underweight

−1.5 (−9.3, 6.3)

0.70

− 1.7 (− 10.4, 7.0)

0.69

3.8 (−6.5, 14.2)

0.47

−6.0 (− 13.3, 1.3)

0.10

1.4 (− 7.9, 10.6)

0.77

 Normal weight

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Overweight

−1.5 (−5.3, 2.3)

0.44

−0.74 (− 5.0, 3.5)

0.73

−2.5 (−7.6, 2.6)

0.33

−0.35 (−3.9, 3.2)

0.85

−1.4 (− 5.9, 3.2)

0.55

 Obese

−0.6 (−4.9, 3.7)

0.78

−0.4 (− 5.1, 4.4)

0.88

−0.6 (−6.2, 5.1)

0.85

− 0.8 (− 4.7, 3.2)

0.71

0.3 (− 4.7, 5.4)

0.89

GWG Z-score

− 1.3 (− 2.7, 0.2)

0.09

−1.6 (− 3.2, 0.008)

0.05

− 0.5 (− 2.4, 1.4)

0.62

−0.7 (− 2.0, 0.7)

0.31

−0.9 (− 2.6, 0.9)

0.33

  1. Results shown are estimated β-coefficients for WISC-IV composite scores from multivariable linear regression models for each test, controlling for covariates. Normal weight prepregnancy BMI is the reference group. The adjustment set included maternal race/ethnicity, marital status, gestational age at delivery, maternal education, maternal IQ, child age and, for models 2 & 4, the postnatal HOME environment score. IPW, inverse probability weighting. Sample size for each maternal BMI category is as follows for 1) Boys: underweight (n = 9), normal weight (n = 83), overweight (n = 34), and obese (n = 39), and 2) Girls: underweight (n = 9), normal weight (n = 95), overweight (n = 55), and obese (n = 44)