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Table 4 Summary of Univariate Analyses of Potential Influencing Factors

From: Neonatal body composition: crossectional study in healthy term singletons in Germany

 

n

Birth weight, g Mean (SD)

p*

BF%, % Mean (SD)

p*

FFM, g Mean (SD)

p*

FM, g Mean (SD)

p*

All

271

3389 (440)

 

10.6 (4.0)

 

2857 (330)

 

347 (157)

 

Gender

  

0.0045

 

0.0012

 

< 0.0001

 

0.053

 Male

118

3475 (446)

 

9.7 (3.8)

 

2957 (328)

 

326 (149)

 

 Female

153

3322 (426)

 

11.3 (4.0)

 

2780 (311)

 

363 (161)

 

Gestational age (weeks)

  

< 0.001

 

0.2276

 

< 0.0001

 

0.0116

 37.0–37.9

13

2915 (314)

 

9.5 (3.4)

 

2471 (162)

 

266 (121)

 

 38.0–38.9

51

3140 (407)

 

10.4 (3.6)

 

2661 (297)

 

316 (133)

 

 39.0–39.9

78

3410 (391)

 

11.0 (4.5)

 

2849 (272)

 

362 (171)

 

 40.0–40.9

93

3470 (419)

 

10.1 (3.8)

 

2949 (327)

 

336 (148)

 

 > 41.0

36

3656 (401)

 

11.6 (3.8)

 

3054 (291)

 

412 (167)

 

Postnatal age at BC measurement (h)

  

0.331

 

0.7539

 

0.161

 

0.976

 < 24

38

3438 (482)

 

10.4 (4.2)

 

2966 (372)

 

352 (171)

 

 24.0–47.9

125

3424 (446)

 

10.4 (4.0)

 

2883 (316)

 

346 (159)

 

 48.0–71.9

76

3345 (415)

 

10.7 (4.0)

 

2805 (323)

 

342 (155)

 

 72.0–95.9

32

3297 (421)

 

11.2 (3.7)

 

2749 (308)

 

355 (140)

 

Pre-pregnangcy BMI (kg/m2)

  

0.0006

 

0.0089

 

0.0169

 

0.0007

 < 18.5

7

2939 (413)

 

8.7 (3.9)

 

2563 (272)

 

251 (132)

 

 18.5–24.9

193

3372 (413)

 

10.3 (3.8)

 

2853 (324)

 

335 (146)

 

 25.0–29.9

46

3383 (498)

 

10.7 (4.0)

 

2842 (361)

 

351 (155)

 

 > 30.0

25

3657 (413)

 

13.0 (4.6)

 

2996 (271)

 

459 (197)

 

GWG IOM Recommendation

  

0.013

 

0.0258

 

0.0233

 

0.0102

 Insufficient

55

3289 (463)

 

10.3 (4.2)

 

2794 (349)

 

327 (164)

 

 Adequate

100

3342 (423)

 

9.9 (3.9)

 

2832 (314)

 

319 (145)

 

 Excessive

116

3477 (432)

 

11.3 (3.8)

 

2908 (328)

 

380 (157)

 

Smoking during Pregnancy

  

0.0014

 

0.1133

 

0.0112

 

0.047

 No

255**

3404 (435)

 

10.7 (4.0)

 

2866 (328)

 

351 (157)

 

 Yes

8

2900 (421)

 

8.4 (4.1)

 

2537 (307)

 

240 (131)

 

Parity

  

0.1111

 

0.0632

 

0.2341

 

0.0413

 1

149

3356 (419)

 

10.1 (3.7)

 

2845 (324)

 

325 (145)

 

 2

82

3473 (425)

 

11.3 (4.0)

 

2903 (317)

 

377 (154)

 

  ≥ 3

40

3339 (529)

 

11.1 (4.4)

 

2808 (372)

 

365 (191)

 

Type of delivery

  

0.4376

 

0.0563

 

0.0903

 

0.2500

 Vaginal

175

3404 (423)

 

10.2 (4.0)

 

2892 (325)

 

339 (158)

 

 Caesarean section

96

3361 (472)

 

11.2 (3.8)

 

2793 (331)

 

361 (153)

 
  1. Abbreviations: BC Body composition, BMI Body mass index, BF% Proportion of fat mass/total body, FM Fat mass, FFM Fat free Mass, GWG Gestational weight gain, IOM Institute of Medicine
  2. * p-values by t-test or ANOVA if normally distributed or Wilcoxon-test if not normally distributed
  3. On Tukey multiple comparison post hoc test the following statistically significant differences on multi-group comparison were identified:
  4. Gestational Age (GA, weeks)
  5. Birth weight: GA 37–38 vs. GA 39–40 (p = 0.0005), GA 37–38 vs. GA 40–41 (p < 0.0001), GA37–38 vs. GA > 41 (p < 0.001), GA 38–39 vs. GA 39–40 (p = 0.0022), GA 38–39 vs. GA 40–41 (p < 0.0001), GA 38–39 vs. GA > 41 (p < 0.0001), GA 39–40 vs. GA > 41 (p = 0.0221)
  6. FFM: GA 37–38 vs. GA 39–40 (p = 0.0002), GA 37–38 vs. 40–41 (p < 0.0001), GA 37–38 vs. > 41 (p < 0.0001), GA 38–39 vs. GA 39–40 (p = 0.0014), GA 38–39 vs.40–41 (p < 0.0001), GA 38–39 vs.GA > 41 (p < 0.0001)
  7. FM: GA 37–38 vs. GA > 41 (p = 0.0309)
  8. Pre-pregnancy BMI category (< 18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, > 30):
  9. Birth weight: < 18.5 vs. 18.5–24.9 (p = 0.0449), < 18.5 vs. > 30 (p = 0.0007), 18.5–24.9 vs. > 30 (p = 0.0104)
  10. BF%:18.5–24.9 vs. > 30 (p = 0.0091)
  11. FFM: < 18.5 vs. > 30 (p = 0.011)
  12. FM: < 18.5 vs. > 30 (p = 0.0089), 18.5–24.9 vs. > 30 (p = 0.0009), 25.0–29.9 (p = 0.0246)
  13. Gestational weight gain category (insufficient, adequate, excessive):
  14. Birth weight: insufficient vs. excessive (p = 0.0235)
  15. BF%: adequate vs. excessive (p = 0.0234)
  16. FFM: insufficient vs. excessive (p = 0.0224)
  17. FM: adequate vs. excessive (p = 0.0127)
  18. Parity (1,2, ≥3):
  19. FM: 1vs.2 (p = 0.0445)
  20. **no smoking status data available in n = 8
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BMC Pediatrics

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