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Table 2 Distribution of visible malformations according to the international of Diseases (ICD, 2012), and according to their isolated nature and/or associated with other malformations

From: Antenatal and postnatal diagnoses of visible congenital malformations in a sub-Saharan African setting: a prospective multicenter cohort study

Types of malformations

Code ICD

Number

Isoleted cases N (%)

Associated cases N (%)

Incidence/1000 births

SKELETAL MALFORMATIONS (91)

    

4.3

 Polydactyly

Q69

45

38 (84.4)

7 (15.6)

2.1

 Club foot

Q66.0

24

12 (50)

12 (50)

1.1

 Micromelia

 

6

0 (0)

6 (100)

 

 Macrocephaly

Q75.3

4

0 (0)

4 (100)

 

 Muscular atrophy of the lower limbs

 

3

0 (0)

3 (100)

 

 ectrodactyly

Q71.6

3

2 (66.7)

1 (33.3)

 

 Varus feet

 

3

3 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Ankylosis of the knee

 

3

1 (33.3)

2 (66.7)

 

 Syndactyly

Q70

2

2 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Agenesis of fingers or toes

 

2

0 (0)

2 (100)

 

 Convex foot

 

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Phocomelia

Q73.1

1

0 (0)

1 (100)

 

MALFORMATIONS OF CNS* (46)

    

2.2

NTD

 

29

  

1.4

  Myelomeningocel

Q05

16

6 (37.5)

10 (62.5)

 

  Meningocel

Q05

1

0 (0)

1 (100)

 

  Anencephaly

Q00.0

8

8 (100)

0 (0)

 

  Encephalocel

Q01

4

3 (75)

1 (25)

 

HYDROCEPHALUS

Q03

24

13 (54.2)

11 (45.8)

1.1

MICROCEPHALIA

Q02

4

2 (50)

2 (50)

 

GASTROINTESTINAL MALFORMATIONS (44)

    

2.1

OROFACIAL CLEFT

 

18

  

0.9

  Cleft lip

Q36

6

6 (100)

0 (0)

 

  Labio-palatal cleft

Q37

11

7 (63.6)

4 (36.4)

 

  Palatal cleft

Q35

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

ABDOMINAL PARIETAL DEFECT

 

15

  

0.7

  Omphalocele

Q79.2

10

5(50)

5(50)

 

  Gastroschisis

Q79.3

5

5(100)

0(0)

 

OTHER DIGESTIVES MALFORMATIONS

  Imperforate anal

Q42.3

6

4 (66.7)

2 (33.3)

 

  Macroglossia

Q38.2

5

0(0)

5 (100)

 

  Salivary froglet

K11.6

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

UROGENITAL MALFORMATIONS (25)

    

1.2

 Sexual ambiguity

Q56.4

11

7 (63.3)

4 (36.7)

 

 Hypospadias

Q54

6

6 (100)

0(0)

 

 Absence of external genitalia

 

4

0 (0)

4 (100)

 

EYE, EAR, FACE AND NECK MALFORMATIONS (24)

    

1.1

 Facial dysmorphism

Q67.0

9

2 (22.2)

7 (77.8)

 

 Low implanted ears

Q17.4

5

1 (20)

4 (80)

 

 Arrhinia

 

3

0 (0)

3 (100)

 

 Anophthalmos

Q11

2

0 (0)

2 (100)

 

 Hypotelorism

 

3

1 (33.3)

2 (66.7)

 

 Proboscis

 

2

0 (0)

2(100)

 

 Synophthalmia

 

1

0 (0)

1 (100)

 

 Exophthalmos

 

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Cervical teratomas

 

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Eversions of the eyelids

 

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 

VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS (5)

 

5

  

0.2

 Lymphangioma

D18.1

4

4 (100)

0 (0)

 

 Hemangioma

D18.04

1

1 (100)

0 (0)

 
  1. CNS Central Nervous System, NTD Neural tube defects