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Table 3 Predictors of Children’s internalizing behavioursa

From: Maternal and paternal perinatal depressive symptoms associate with 2- and 3-year-old children’s behaviour: findings from the APrON longitudinal study

 

Emotionally reactive

Anxious/depressed

Somatic complaints

Withdrawn

Total internalizing

Effect

Estimate (SE)

Estimate (SE)

Estimate (SE)

Estimate (SE)

Estimate (SE)

Intercept

1.69 (0.15)

0.88 (0.08)

P = < 0.000

2.28 (0.39)

P = < 0.000

1.56 (0.31)

P = < 0.000

4.71 (0.18)

(p < 0.001)

Groups (ref: Non- Depressed Mothers and Fathers)

• Depressed Fathers

−0.14 (0.18)

P = 0.378

−0.10 (0.15)

P = 0.494

− 0.26 (0.17)

P = 0.134

−0.21 (0.12)

P = 0.090

− 0.74 (0.46)

(p = 0.111)

• Depressed Mothers

0.64 (0.14)

P = < 0.000

0.28 (0.11)

P = 0.019

0.30 (0.14)

P = 0.028

0.09 (0.10)

P = 0.334

1.47 (0.36)

(p < 0.001)

• Depressed Mothers and Fathers

0.50 (0.23)

P = 0.031

0.31 (0.19)

P = 0.108

0.37 (0.22)

P = 0.088

0.44 (0.16)

P = 0.005

1.65 (0.59)

(p = 0.005)

Gender: Female (ref: male)

0.32 (0.11)

P = 0.004

0.32 (0.09)

P = 0.001

 

0.16 (0.07)

P = 0.031

0.97 (0.28)

P = 0.001

Mother’s Household Income (ref: $70,000 or more

 Less than $70,000

   

0.26 (0.10)

P = 0.013

 

 Mothers’ Education (ref: University Degree or more)

• Less than Degree

 

0.28 (0.11)

P = 0.009

0.37 (0.12)

P = 0.003

 

0.87 (0.33)

P = 0.009

 Number of Children

−0.25 (0.08)

P = 0.004

  

−0.16 (0.06)

P = 0.006

−0.52 (0.22)

P = 0.016

Mothers’ Ethnicity (ref: Caucasian)

• Non-Caucasian

 

0.39 (0.15)

P = 0.008

 

0.41 (0.12)

P = 0.001

0.94 (0.46)

P = 0.040

• Mothers’ Stress

0.16 (0.08)

P = 0.040

   

0.40 (0.20)

P = 0.044

• Maternal social support

  

−0.06 (0.03)

P = 0.010

−0.04 (0.02)

P = 0.025

 
  1. aTo determine the association between the four patterns of perinatal symptoms (mother depressed, father depression, both depressed, neither depressed) in mothers and fathers and their young children’s internalizing behaviours. Marginal model standardized beta coefficients are interpreted the same way as in linear regression