Table 1 Descriptive analysis of demographics and study variables (N = 1541)
Variable | Categories | n | % | M ± SD | Actual range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Father | |||||
Age (years) | 36.24 ± 3.96 | 22–52 | |||
Education level | High school or less | 412 | 27.5 | ||
College | 309 | 18.1 | |||
University or higher | 820 | 54.4 | |||
Religion | No | 931 | 60.1 | ||
Yes | 610 | 39.9 | |||
Alcohol consumption | More than once a week | 496 | 36.2 | ||
Less than once a week | 883 | 63.8 | |||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 761 | 49.7 | ||
Smoker | 775 | 50.3 | |||
Parenting stress | 27.40 ± 6.63 | 11–51 | |||
Daily working hours | 8.04 ± 2.27 | 0–17.71 | |||
Psychological distress | Minimal | 1187 | 77.2 | 5.26 ± 4.20 | 0–24 |
Significant | 345 | 22.8 | |||
Involvement in childcare (quality) | 14.46 ± 2.63 | 4–20 | |||
Involvement in childcare (quantity) | 2.53 ± 1.62 | 0.14–14.86 | |||
Mother | |||||
Psychological distress | Minimal | 1069 | 69.4 | 5.79 ± 4.42 | 0–23 |
Significant | 467 | 30.3 | |||
Child | |||||
Age (months) | 38.18 ± 1.51 | 35–42 | |||
Sex | Male | 779 | 50.6 | ||
Female | 762 | 49.4 | |||
Temperament | Emotionality | 14.35 ± 3.06 | 5–25 | ||
Activity | 19.14 ± 3.00 | 5–25 | |||
Family | |||||
Household income | I (lowest) | 341 | 23.2 | ||
II | 369 | 27.0 | |||
III | 392 | 27.4 | |||
IV (highest) | 357 | 22.4 | |||