Characteristic | High exposure groupa | Low exposure groupb | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 85 (54.1) | 57 (54.3) | 0.541 |
Female | 72 (45.9) | 48 (45.7) | |
Age group | |||
Up to 1 year | 5 (3.3) | 4 (3.9) | 0.365 |
1.01-2 years | 26 (16.9) | 28 (27.5) | |
2.01–3 years | 53 (34.5) | 29 (28.4) | |
3.01–4 years | 37 (24.2) | 22 (21.6) | |
4.01–5 years | 32 (21.1) | 19 (18.6) | |
Ethnicity | |||
Sinhala | 149 (95.5) | 96 (90.5) | 0.179 |
Other | 7 (4.5) | 10 (9.5) | |
Father’s education | |||
Up to O/L* | 112 (72.2) | 63 (60.0) | 0.027 |
Above O/L | 43 (27.8) | 42 (40.0) | |
Mother’s education | |||
Up to O/L | 106 (68.4) | 56 (53.3) | 0.010 |
Above O/L | 49 (31.6) | 49 (46.7) | |
Family income | |||
Up to SLR 20,000 | 42 (27.1) | 16 (15.2) | 0.017 |
More than SLR 20,000 | 113 (72.9) | 89 (84.8) | |
Mother’s employment | |||
Yes | 2 (1.3) | 4 (4.0) | 0.175 |
No | 147 (98.7) | 95 (96.0) | |
Presence of industries causing air pollution in vicinity of house | |||
Yes | 32 (21.3) | 18 (17.1) | 0.253 |
No | 118 (78.7) | 87 (82.9) | |
Child’s room | |||
Directly opens to kitchen | 27 (17.8) | 17 (17.7) | 0.567 |
Not directly opened to kitchen | 125 (82.2) | 79 (82.3) | |
Having a chimney | |||
Yes | 79 (58.9) | 36 (41.8) | 0.010 |
No | 55 (41.1) | 50 (58.2) | |
Place of cooking | |||
Inside the living area | 7 (4.8) | 4 (4.2) | 0.528 |
Outside the living area | 136 (95.2) | 92 (95.8) | |
Cooking frequency | |||
Up to 10 times per week | 110 (75.8) | 68 (71.5) | 0.276 |
Equal to or greater than 10 times per week | 35 (24.2) | 27 (28.5) | |
Duration of cooking | |||
Up to 2.5 h per day | 70 (46.7) | 67 (67.0) | 0.001 |
Greater than 2.5 h per day | 80 (53.3) | 33 (33.0) | |
Ventilation | |||
Window area > 1/7 of floor area | 122 (90.4) | 87 (95.6) | 0.141 |
Window area < 1/7 of floor area | 13 (9.6) | 4 (4.4) | |
Either one of the parents having asthma | |||
Yes | 77 (52.0) | 43 (44.7) | 0.165 |
No | 71 (48.0) | 53 (55.3) | |
Having pets | |||
Yes | 48 (32.0) | 36 (36.7) | 0.263 |
No | 102 (68.0) | 62 (63.3) | |
Having a sibling | |||
Yes | 94 (60.6) | 48 (45.7) | 0.012 |
No | 61 (39.4) | 57 (54.3) | |
Attending a Preschool | |||
Yes | 60 (39.7) | 41 (39.8) | 0.509 |
No | 91 (60.3) | 62 (60.2) | |
Having a smoker at home | |||
Yes | 39 (25.5) | 24 (23.1) | 0.386 |
No | 114 (74.5) | 80 (76.9) |