Table 5 Prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTI) and bacterial isolates in malnourished children across included studies

 Philips I et al. 1968 [41]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (75%); Proteus species (12.5%); Klebsiella spp (12.5%).

Not done

 Brooke O. G et al. 1973 [57]

Males:12.5%; Females: 5.1%

Escherichia coli (44.5%); Klebsiella spp (44.5%); Proteus spp (11%)

Not done

 Buchanan N et al. 1973 [35]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (55.6%); Klebsiella spp (22.2%); Proteus mirabilis (22.2%)

Not done

 Morehead D et al. 1974 [53]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (58.3%); Enterobacter spp (25%); Proteus mirabilis (16.7%); Proteus spp (8.3%); Klebsiella spp (8.3%); Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%); Microaerophilic streptococci (8.3%); Streptococcus fecalis (8.3%); Non-hemolytic streptococci (8.3%)

Escherichia coli; cephalothin (8%), ampicillin (4%), tetracycline (18%), kanamycin (30%), colistin (75%), gentamicin (68%) and chloramphenicol (14%). Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp and Enterobacter spp also had low sensitivity to all antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus; Cephalothin (100%), kanamycin (90%) and gentamicin (98%), but less sensitive to the other antibiotics

 Brown KH et al. 1981 [52]

Males: 24%; Females: 36%

Escherichia coli (96%); Pseudomonas spp (4%)

Not done

 Morton RE et al. 1982 [40]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (48%); Klebsiella spp (39%); Citrobacter spp (5%).

Not done

 Berkowitz FE 1983 [15]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (100%)

Not done

 Oyedeji G 1989 [39]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (25%); Klebsiella spp (75%)

Not done

 Isaack H et al. 1992 [44]

Escherichia coli (52.9%); Klebsiella spp (41.2%); Pseudomonas spp (2.9%); Other coliforms (2.9%).

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp; Gentamycin (100%), cotrimoxazole (15, 14%), nitrofurantoin (26, 22%); Klebsiella spp; Chloramphenicol (100%). Escherichia coli; Chloramphenicol (8%) and penicillin (0%).

 Kala UK et al. 1992 [13]

Males: 47.7%; Females: 16.1%. Underweight: 31.8%; Marasmus: 10%; Kwashiorkor: 41.9%; and Marasmic Kwashiorkor: 41.7%.

Escherichia coli (84.6%); Proteus mirabilis (7.7%); Klebsiella pneumoniae (3.8%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8%).

Not done

 Ighogboja et al. 1993 [38]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (37.5%); Klebsiella spp (37.5%); Pseudomonas spp (18.8%); Candida albicans (6.2%)

Sensitive to gentamicin, cefuroxime axetil, ceftazidime and ofloxacin

 Shimeles D et al. 1994 [16]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (42.9%); Klebsiella pneumoniae (42.9%) (3/7); Citrobacter spp (14.3%)

Not done

 Reed P et al. 1995 [14]

Males: 30.1%; Females: 21.3%. Nutritional dwarfism: 29.5%; Marasmus: 18.2%; Kwashiorkor: 23.6%; and Marasmic kwashiorkor: 42.9%.

Escherichia coli (42.9%); Enterobacter spp (14.3%); Klebsiella spp (14.3%); Citrobacter spp (8.6%); Hafnia alvei (2.8%); Proteus mirabilis (2.8%); Pseudomonas spp (2.8%); Serratia spp (2.8%); Salmonella typhi (2.8%). S aureus (2.8%); Enterococcus faecalis (2.8%)

Escherichia coli; Nalidixic acid (100%), nitrofurantoin (92.3%), cephradine (84.6%), gentamicin (84.6%), cotrimoxazole (0%) and amoxicillin (7.7%). Enterobacter spp; Gentamicin (100%), cephradine (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), nitrofurantoin (60%), cotrimoxazole (40%) and amoxicillin (0%). Klebsiella spp; Nitrofurantoin (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), cephradine (80%), gentamicin (80%), cotrimoxazole (0%) and amoxicillin (20%). Citrobacter spp; Gentamicin (100%), cephradine (100%), nalidixic acid (100%) and nitrofurantoin (100%), amoxicillin (0%), cotrimoxazole (0%). Other gram negatives; Gentamicin (100%), cephradine (100%) and nalidixic acid (100%). Staphylococcus aureus; Amoxicillin (100%), gentamicin (100%), cephradine (100%), nitrofurantoin (100%) cotrimoxazole (0%) and nalidixic acid (0%). Enterococcus faecalis; Amoxicillin (100%), cotrimoxazole (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), nitrofurantoin (100%), gentamicin (0%) and cephradine (0%).

 Ekanem EE et al. 1997 [37]

Not specified

Klebsiella spp (50%); Pseudomonas spp (50%).

Not done

 Caksen H et al. 2000 [46]

No significant difference between UTI and degree of malnutrition

Escherichia coli (54.8%): Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.6%); Proteus mirabilis (9.6%); Enterobacter cloacae (6.4%); Klebsiella oxitoca (6.4%); Morganella morganii (3.2%); Citrobacter freundii (3.2%); Enterobacter aerogenes (3.2%); Salmonella spp (3.2%)

All isolates sensitive to gentamicin (100%). Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp; Cotrimoxazole (18 and 20%), ceftriaxone (82 and 100%), cefotaxime (82 and 100%) and ciprofloxacin (82 and 100%) respectively.

 Rabasa AI et al. 2002 [11]

Kwashiorkor:10.5%; Marasmus: 10.1%; Marasmic kwashiorkor: 15.3%

E. coli (45.4%); Klebsiella spp (27.3%); Pseudomonas spp (13.6%); Staphylococcus aureus (13.6%)

95% of Gram negatives were sensitive to gentamycin and/or ofloxacin; Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to gentamycin, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, and clavulanic acid potentiated amoxicillin (Augmentin®). All gram negatives showed poor sensitivity to co-trimoxazole and nitrofurantoin.

 Russell B et al. 2004 [55]

Not specified

Not specified

Not done

 Noorani N et al. 2005 [43]

Not specified

Klebsiella spp (57%); E. coli (43%).

Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli; Amikacin (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), ampicillin (0%), ceftazidime (83.3%), cefuroxime (83.3%; 50%), chloramphenicol (0%; 66.7%), cotrimoxazole (16.7%; 0%) and gentamicin (66.7%; 83.3%).

Bachou H et al. 2006 [42]

HIV-positive: 30%; HIV- negative: 23%

Not done

Not done

Okomo UA et al. 2011 [19]

Escherichia coli (58.8%); Klebsiella spp (17.6%); Enterobacter cloacae (5.9%); Proteus spp (5.9%); Providencia alkali (5.9%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.9%).

Escherichia coli; Gentamicin (100%), ciprofloxacin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), cefotaxime (100%), nitrofurantoin (100%), chloramphenicol (77%), ampicillin (0%) and cotrimoxazole (0%).

 Suliman OSM et al. 2011 [45]

Not specified

Not done

Not done

 Page A et al. 2013 [12]

Males: 12.2%; Females: 20.6%. Age < 12 months: 24%; Age > 12 months: 10.9%. Fever: 16.7%; No fever: 15.9%.

Escherichia coli: 77%; Klebsiella pneumoniae: 14.6%; Proteus mirabilis: 4.2%; Proteus penneri: 2.1%; Enterococcus faecium: 2.1%

Escherichia coli; amoxicillin (0%), cotrimoxazole (5%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (39%), cephalothin (56%), cefoxitine (95%) cefotaxime (95%), ceftazidime (95%), imipenem (100%), gentamicin (90%) amikacin (100%) nalidixic acid (88%), ofloxacin (90%) and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL; 95%); Klebsiella spp; Amoxicillin (0%), cotrimoxazole (33%) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (42%), cephalothin (58%), cefoxitine (92%) cefotaxime (92%), ceftazidime (92%), imipenem (100%), gentamicin (58%) amikacin (100%) nalidixic acid (100%), ofloxacin (100%) ESBL (92%)

 Sameen I and Moorani N 2014 [50]

Not specified

Not done

Not done

 Ahmed M et al. 2015 [18]

Males: 19.6%; Females: 21.4%. Fever: 22.6%; No fever: 18.4%. Mild malnutrition: 14.3%; Moderate malnutrition: 18.2%; Severe malnutrition: 27%. HIV-positive: 19.35%; HIV-negative: 20.75%.

Escherichia coli: 41.2%; Klebsiella pneumoniae: 23.8%; Other gram negatives (Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter spp, Serratia spp): 34.5%

Escherichia coli; Ampicillin (3%) gentamicin (57%), ciprofloxacin (86%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (14%), ceftriaxone (66%), ceftazidime (60%) and etrapenem (97%). Klebsiella pneumoniae; Ampicillin (0%), Gentamicin (30%), ciprofloxacin (85%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (15%), ceftriaxone (50%), ceftazidime (40%) and etrapenem (100%); Others; Ampicillin (0%), gentamicin (34%), ciprofloxacin (97%), ceftriaxone (48%), ceftazidime (48%) and etrapenem (100%).

 Anjum M et al. 2016 [51]

Not specified

Not done

Not done.

Thuo N et al. 2017

Not specified

Coliforms (100%)

Cotrimoxazole (7%), gentamycin (57%), nalidixic acid (86%) and nitrofurantoin (79%).

 Case-control studies

 Buchanan N et al. 1971 [34]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (67%); Proteus spp (33%)

Not done

 Freyre EA et al. 1973 [56]

Males: 4.3%; Females: 7.4%. No significant differences with the severity of clinical malnutrition.

Escherichia coli (76.5%). Others not reported.

Not done

 Bodaghi E et al.1978 [54]

Males:8.8%; Females: 8.4%

Escherichia coli (90%); Klebsiella spp (3%); Proteus spp (9%)

Not done

 Banapurmath C et al. 1994 [48]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (42.9%); Klebsiella spp (14.3%); Proteus spp (28.6%); Enterobacter spp (14.3%)

Not done

 Jeena PM et al. 1995 [36]

Not specified

Total gram negatives (79%); Escherichia coli (53%),

All gram-negatives; Nalidixic acid (100%), amikacin (100%), cephalexin (91%) and Augmentin® (94%), cotrimoxazole (58%), trimethoprim (69%) and ampicillin (86%)

 Caksen H et al. 2001 [47]

Not specified

Escherichia coli (27.7%); Klebsiella pneumoniae (61.1%); Staphylococcus aureus (5.6%); Enterobacter spp (5.6%)

Not done

 Bagga A et al. 2003 [4]

Moderate malnutrition: 7.3%; Severe malnutrition: 22.8%. Diarrhea: 23.3%; No diarrhea: 10.1%

Escherichia coli (64.7%); Klebsiella spp (23.5%); Proteus spp (5.9%); P aeruginosa (5.9%)

Most organisms sensitive to co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and ceftriaxone

 Gopal G and Premalatha R 2014 [49]

Males: 10.8%; Females: 12.2%. Grade II: 11.8%; Grade III: 16.4% and Grade IV malnutrition: 4.5%

Not done

Not done