Source | Country of study | Study setting and period | Study population | Study design |
---|---|---|---|---|
Philips I et al. 1968 [41] | Uganda | Infantile Malnutrition Research Unit, Medical Research Unit, Kampala. Study period not specified | 75 malnourished children admitted consecutively over a nine-month period. Age range not specified | Cross-sectional |
Brooke O. G et al. 1973 [57] | Jamaica | Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, University of West Indies. Study period not specified | 95 malnourished children (39 females; 56 males) admitted over an 18-month period, aged 4–35 months (mean 12.6 months) | Cross-sectional |
Buchanan N et al. 1973 [34] | South Africa | Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified | 30 admitted malnourished children aged 7–36 months (mean of 15 months) | Cross-sectional |
Morehead D et al. 1974 [53] | Thailand | Anemia and Malnutrition Research Centre, Chang Mai Hospital, Chang Mai between June 1969 and April 1970 | 35 consecutively admitted malnourished children (18 females; 17 males) aged 10–50 months (mean of 22 months) | Cross-sectional |
Brown KH et al. 1981 [52] | Bangladesh | Children’s Nutrition Unit, Dacca, between January 1976 and April 1976 | 100 admitted (50 males and 50 females) children aged 18–30 months (median 20 months) | Cross-sectional |
Morton RE et al. 1982 [40] | Nigeria | Pediatric out-patient department of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Study period not specified | 65 malnourished children visiting the outpatient clinic over a six-month period, aged 0–120 months | Cross-sectional |
Berkowitz FE 1983 [15] | South Africa | General Pediatric wards of Baragwanath hospital, Johannesburg between December 1981 and November 1982 | 16 admitted malnourished children (part of 68; 35 males and 33 females) aged 4–48 months (mean 16.9 months) | Cross-sectional |
Oyedeji G 1989 [39] | Nigeria | Children’s ward, Wesley Guild Hospital Ilesha, between January 1985 and December 1986 | 73 admitted malnourished children (30 females; 43 males) aged 12–96 months (mean 22.6 months) | Cross-sectional |
Isaack H et al. 1992 [44] | Tanzania | Pediatric wards of Muhimbili Hospital Dar es Salaam. Study period not specified | 164 admitted malnourished children (89 males, 75 females) aged 2–59 months (mean 19 months) who had not been on any antibiotics in the previous 24 h, and studied over a two-week period. | Prospective; Cross-sectional. |
Kala UK et al. 1992 [13] | South Africa | Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified. | 75 consecutively-admitted malnourished children (44 males, 31 females) aged 3–60 months (mean 15.4 months) | Cross-sectional |
Ighogboja et al. 1993 [38] | Nigeria | Children’s ward, Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1991 and December 1991 | 130 admitted malnourished children (52 females; 78 males) aged 11–96 months (mean 22.8 months) | Cross-sectional |
Shimeles D et al. 1994 [16] | Ethiopia | Ethio-Swedish Children’s Hospital, Addis Ababa, between January 1 and December 31, 1992 | 19 children (part of 90 admitted malnourished children, 40 males, and 50 females) Aged 4–60 months (median 15 months) | Cross-sectional |
Reed P et al. 1995 [14] | South Africa | Shongwe Mission Hospital, Shongwe, Malelane between September 1992 and April 1993 | 134 presenting malnourished children (73 males, 61 females) aged 1–59 months (median 17 months) not using antibiotics in the previous 24 h | Prospective; Cross-sectional |
Ekanem EE et al. 1997 [37] | Nigeria | University Teaching Hospital Calabar. Study period not specified | 27 children (part of 37 admitted malnourished children aged 3–60 months (mean 22 months) recruited for a case-control study on differences in CRP and C3 levels in protein-energy malnutrition with and without infection) | Cross-sectional |
Caksen H et al. 2000 [46] | Turkey | Department of Pediatrics, Yüzüncü Yil University, between May 1998 and November 1998 | 103 admitted malnourished children aged 1.6–30 months (mean 11.6 months) | Cross-sectional |
Rabasa AI et al. 2002 [11] | Nigeria | Pediatric wards of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between January 1994 and December 1996 | 194 admitted malnourished children (128 males and 66 females) aged 3–60 months (mean 17.6 months) | Cross-sectional |
Russell B et al. 2004 [55] | Australia | Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs between January 2000 and September 2001 | 55 admitted malnourished Central Australian Indigenous children aged 0.6-41 months (mean of 8.6 months) sampled from medical records | Retrospective cross-sectional |
Noorani N et al. 2005 [43] | Kenya | Pediatric Filter Clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi between March 2003 and October 2003 | 91 consecutively presenting malnourished children (45 males, 46 females) aged 2–60 months (mean 18 months) | Cross-sectional |
Bachou H et al. 2006 [42] | Uganda | Pediatric wards of Mulago Hospital, Kampala between September–November 2003 and September–December 2004 | 315 consecutively admitted malnourished children (196 males,119 females) with a median age of 17 months | Cross-sectional |
Okomo UA et al. 2011 [19] | The Gambia | Pediatric ward, Medical Research Council Hospital, Fajara, between November 2007 and December 2008 | 97 children (part of 140 admitted malnourished children aged 6–59 months (median 19.1 months) without non-nutritional causes of edema, chronic infection or antibiotic use in the previous two weeks | Prospective; Cross-sectional |
Suliman OSM et al. 2011 [45] | Sudan | Pediatric wards of the Khartoum Teaching Hospital and Soba University Teaching Hospital between December 1992 and May 1993 | 49 admitted malnourished children aged 6–60 months (mean 22 months) | Cross-sectional |
Page A et al. 2013 [12] | Niger | intensive therapeutic feeding center in the Maradi region between November 2007 and July 2008 | 300 (out of a total of 311 admitted malnourished children (170 males and 141 females) aged 6–59 months (median 13 months) | Cross-sectional |
Sameen I and Moorani N 2014 [50] | Pakistan | Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi between January 2012 and June 2012 | 130 admitted malnourished children (78 males and 52 females) aged 1–59 months (mean: 16.8 months) | Cross-sectional |
Ahmed M et al. 2015 [18] | Tanzania | Pediatric wards of Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza between September 2012 and January 2013 | 402 admitted malnourished children (173 males and 229 females) aged 6–60 months (median 17 months) | Cross-sectional |
Anjum M et al. 2016 [51] | Pakistan | Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit of National Institute of Child Health, Karachi between October 2014 and March 2015 | 78 admitted malnourished children (39 males and 39 females) aged 2–60 months (mean 18 months) | Cross-sectional |
Thuo N et al. 2017 | Kenya | pediatric ward at the Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Coast between June 2005 and June 2007 | 498 admitted malnourished children (271 males, 227 females) with a median age of 22.4 months | Prospective; Cross-sectional |
Buchanan N et al. 1971 [34] | South Africa | Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified | 125 outpatient children [75 malnourished (5 females; 70 males) and 50 controls (5 females; 45 males)] without urinary tract signs or symptoms, studied over two months. The age range of malnourished children was 8–96 months (mean 43 months), and the age range of controls was 2–108 months (mean 30 months) | Case-control |
Freyre EA et al. 1973 [56] | Peru | Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa. Study period not specified | 200 malnourished children (108 females and 92 males) and 118 controls (61 females and 57 males) outpatients and admitted patients, aged 3–36 months (mean 20 months) | Case-control |
Bodaghi E et al.1978 [54] | Iran | Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tehran. Study period not specified | 667 outpatient or admitted children (348 malnourished [143 females; 205 males] and 319 controls [140 females; 174 males] aged 2–24 months and not having any antimicrobial therapy in the past 48 h. | Prospective; Case-control |
Banarpurmath C et al. 1994 | India | Pediatric wards and Out-patient Department, Chigateri General Hospital, Devangere, between April 1989 and April 1990 | 141children [88 admitted malnourished children selected from the Pediatric wards and 53 out-patient controls aged 12–60 months | Case-control |
Jeena PM et al. 1995 [36] | South Africa | King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban in November 1992 | 32 malnourished children and 148 controls aged 0–144 months | Case-control |
Caksen H et al. 2001 [47] | Turkey | Department of Pediatrics, Yüzüncü Yil University, Study period not specified | 146 admitted malnourished children (69 females; 77 males) [47 malnourished and 99 controls] without symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection, aged 0.9–15 months (mean 4.6 months) | Case-control |
Bagga A et al. 2003 [4] | India | All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi between September 1997 and July 1998 | 224 consecutive out-patient children (112 malnourished [47 females; 65 males] and 112 controls [47 females; 65 males]) aged 6–60 months (mean of 35.5 months) | Case-control |
Gopal G and Premalatha R 2014 [49] | India | Department of Pediatrics, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore between November 2008 and August 2010 | 250 children (150 admitted malnourished (93 males and 57 females) and 100 outpatient controls (55 males and 45 females)) aged 6–60 months (mean 27 months) | Case-control |