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Table 1 Characteristics of studies on malnutrition and urinary tract infection

From: The prevalence and risk of urinary tract infection in malnourished children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Source

Country of study

Study setting and period

Study population

Study design

Philips I et al. 1968 [41]

Uganda

Infantile Malnutrition Research Unit, Medical Research Unit, Kampala. Study period not specified

75 malnourished children admitted consecutively over a nine-month period. Age range not specified

Cross-sectional

Brooke O. G et al. 1973 [57]

Jamaica

Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, University of West Indies. Study period not specified

95 malnourished children (39 females; 56 males) admitted over an 18-month period, aged 4–35 months (mean 12.6 months)

Cross-sectional

Buchanan N et al. 1973 [34]

South Africa

Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified

30 admitted malnourished children aged 7–36 months (mean of 15 months)

Cross-sectional

Morehead D et al. 1974 [53]

Thailand

Anemia and Malnutrition Research Centre, Chang Mai Hospital, Chang Mai between June 1969 and April 1970

35 consecutively admitted malnourished children (18 females; 17 males) aged 10–50 months (mean of 22 months)

Cross-sectional

Brown KH et al. 1981 [52]

Bangladesh

Children’s Nutrition Unit, Dacca, between January 1976 and April 1976

100 admitted (50 males and 50 females) children aged 18–30 months (median 20 months)

Cross-sectional

Morton RE et al. 1982 [40]

Nigeria

Pediatric out-patient department of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Study period not specified

65 malnourished children visiting the outpatient clinic over a six-month period, aged 0–120 months

Cross-sectional

Berkowitz FE 1983 [15]

South Africa

General Pediatric wards of Baragwanath hospital, Johannesburg between December 1981 and November 1982

16 admitted malnourished children (part of 68; 35 males and 33 females) aged 4–48 months (mean 16.9 months)

Cross-sectional

Oyedeji G 1989 [39]

Nigeria

Children’s ward, Wesley Guild Hospital Ilesha, between January 1985 and December 1986

73 admitted malnourished children (30 females; 43 males) aged 12–96 months (mean 22.6 months)

Cross-sectional

Isaack H et al. 1992 [44]

Tanzania

Pediatric wards of Muhimbili Hospital Dar es Salaam. Study period not specified

164 admitted malnourished children (89 males, 75 females) aged 2–59 months (mean 19 months) who had not been on any antibiotics in the previous 24 h, and studied over a two-week period.

Prospective; Cross-sectional.

Kala UK et al. 1992 [13]

South Africa

Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified.

75 consecutively-admitted malnourished children (44 males, 31 females) aged 3–60 months (mean 15.4 months)

Cross-sectional

Ighogboja et al. 1993 [38]

Nigeria

Children’s ward, Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 1991 and December 1991

130 admitted malnourished children (52 females; 78 males) aged 11–96 months (mean 22.8 months)

Cross-sectional

Shimeles D et al. 1994 [16]

Ethiopia

Ethio-Swedish Children’s Hospital, Addis Ababa, between January 1 and December 31, 1992

19 children (part of 90 admitted malnourished children, 40 males, and 50 females) Aged 4–60 months (median 15 months)

Cross-sectional

Reed P et al. 1995 [14]

South Africa

Shongwe Mission Hospital, Shongwe, Malelane between September 1992 and April 1993

134 presenting malnourished children (73 males, 61 females) aged 1–59 months (median 17 months) not using antibiotics in the previous 24 h

Prospective; Cross-sectional

Ekanem EE et al. 1997 [37]

Nigeria

University Teaching Hospital Calabar. Study period not specified

27 children (part of 37 admitted malnourished children aged 3–60 months (mean 22 months) recruited for a case-control study on differences in CRP and C3 levels in protein-energy malnutrition with and without infection)

Cross-sectional

Caksen H et al. 2000 [46]

Turkey

Department of Pediatrics, Yüzüncü Yil University, between May 1998 and November 1998

103 admitted malnourished children aged 1.6–30 months (mean 11.6 months)

Cross-sectional

Rabasa AI et al. 2002 [11]

Nigeria

Pediatric wards of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital between January 1994 and December 1996

194 admitted malnourished children (128 males and 66 females) aged 3–60 months (mean 17.6 months)

Cross-sectional

Russell B et al. 2004 [55]

Australia

Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs between January 2000 and September 2001

55 admitted malnourished Central Australian Indigenous children aged 0.6-41 months (mean of 8.6 months) sampled from medical records

Retrospective cross-sectional

Noorani N et al. 2005 [43]

Kenya

Pediatric Filter Clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi between March 2003 and October 2003

91 consecutively presenting malnourished children (45 males, 46 females) aged 2–60 months (mean 18 months)

Cross-sectional

Bachou H et al. 2006 [42]

Uganda

Pediatric wards of Mulago Hospital, Kampala between September–November 2003 and September–December 2004

315 consecutively admitted malnourished children (196 males,119 females) with a median age of 17 months

Cross-sectional

Okomo UA et al. 2011 [19]

The Gambia

Pediatric ward, Medical Research Council Hospital, Fajara, between November 2007 and December 2008

97 children (part of 140 admitted malnourished children aged 6–59 months (median 19.1 months) without non-nutritional causes of edema, chronic infection or antibiotic use in the previous two weeks

Prospective; Cross-sectional

Suliman OSM et al. 2011 [45]

Sudan

Pediatric wards of the Khartoum Teaching Hospital and Soba University Teaching Hospital between December 1992 and May 1993

49 admitted malnourished children aged 6–60 months (mean 22 months)

Cross-sectional

Page A et al. 2013 [12]

Niger

intensive therapeutic feeding center in the Maradi region between November 2007 and July 2008

300 (out of a total of 311 admitted malnourished children (170 males and 141 females) aged 6–59 months (median 13 months)

Cross-sectional

Sameen I and Moorani N 2014 [50]

Pakistan

Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi between January 2012 and June 2012

130 admitted malnourished children (78 males and 52 females) aged 1–59 months (mean: 16.8 months)

Cross-sectional

Ahmed M et al. 2015 [18]

Tanzania

Pediatric wards of Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza between September 2012 and January 2013

402 admitted malnourished children (173 males and 229 females) aged 6–60 months (median 17 months)

Cross-sectional

Anjum M et al. 2016 [51]

Pakistan

Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit of National Institute of Child Health, Karachi between October 2014 and March 2015

78 admitted malnourished children (39 males and 39 females) aged 2–60 months (mean 18 months)

Cross-sectional

Thuo N et al. 2017

Kenya

pediatric ward at the Centre for Geographical Medicine Research, Coast between June 2005 and June 2007

498 admitted malnourished children (271 males, 227 females) with a median age of 22.4 months

Prospective; Cross-sectional

Buchanan N et al. 1971 [34]

South Africa

Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. Study period not specified

125 outpatient children [75 malnourished (5 females; 70 males) and 50 controls (5 females; 45 males)] without urinary tract signs or symptoms, studied over two months. The age range of malnourished children was 8–96 months (mean 43 months), and the age range of controls was 2–108 months (mean 30 months)

Case-control

Freyre EA et al. 1973 [56]

Peru

Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa. Study period not specified

200 malnourished children (108 females and 92 males) and 118 controls (61 females and 57 males) outpatients and admitted patients, aged 3–36 months (mean 20 months)

Case-control

Bodaghi E et al.1978 [54]

Iran

Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tehran. Study period not specified

667 outpatient or admitted children (348 malnourished [143 females; 205 males] and 319 controls [140 females; 174 males] aged 2–24 months and not having any antimicrobial therapy in the past 48 h.

Prospective; Case-control

Banarpurmath C et al. 1994

India

Pediatric wards and Out-patient Department, Chigateri General Hospital, Devangere, between April 1989 and April 1990

141children [88 admitted malnourished children selected from the Pediatric wards and 53 out-patient controls aged 12–60 months

Case-control

Jeena PM et al. 1995 [36]

South Africa

King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban in November 1992

32 malnourished children and 148 controls aged 0–144 months

Case-control

Caksen H et al. 2001 [47]

Turkey

Department of Pediatrics, Yüzüncü Yil University, Study period not specified

146 admitted malnourished children (69 females; 77 males) [47 malnourished and 99 controls] without symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection, aged 0.9–15 months (mean 4.6 months)

Case-control

Bagga A et al. 2003 [4]

India

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi between September 1997 and July 1998

224 consecutive out-patient children (112 malnourished [47 females; 65 males] and 112 controls [47 females; 65 males]) aged 6–60 months (mean of 35.5 months)

Case-control

Gopal G and Premalatha R 2014 [49]

India

Department of Pediatrics, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore between November 2008 and August 2010

250 children (150 admitted malnourished (93 males and 57 females) and 100 outpatient controls (55 males and 45 females)) aged 6–60 months (mean 27 months)

Case-control