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Table 5 Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios of the association with mother, child and care characteristics and death of the newborn during days 1–28 after birth

From: Trends, determinants, and newborn mortality related to thermal care and umbilical cord care practices in South Asia

 

India 2015–16

Bangladesh 2014 and Nepal 2016

UOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

UOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Country (ref = Nepal)

 Bangladesh

n/a

 

n/a

 

1.8

0.8, 4.1

2.3

1.0, 5.2

Place of residence (ref = rural)

 Urban

1.1

0.7, 1.5

1.3

0.9, 1.8

0.6

0.2, 1.4

0.7

0.3, 1.7

Wealth quintile (ref = lowest and second)

 Middle

1.2

0.9, 1.7

1.3

1.0, 1.8

0.1**

0.0, 0.4

0.1**

0.0, 0.5

 Second highest and highest

0.7

0.4, 1.0

0.8

0.5, 1.3

0.9

0.4, 2.4

1.3

0.4, 4.1

Education (ref = none)

 Primary

1.2

0.9, 1.6

1.4*

1.1, 1.8

1.5

0.5, 4.1

1.4

0.5, 4.0

 Secondary or higher

0.9

0.7, 1.2

1.0

0.7, 1.4

1.4

0.5, 3.7

1.9

0.6, 5.6

Religion (ref = Hindu)

 Muslim, other

0.7*

0.6, 0.9

0.7**

0.5, 0.9

1.3

0.6, 2.8

0.4

0.2, 1.0

Maternal age at birth (ref = 18–34)

 < 18

1.5

0.8, 2.6

1.0

0.5, 1.8

2.1

0.9, 5.2

2.6

1.0, 7.0

 35 and older

1.9***

1.4, 2.4

1.8***

1.4, 2.5

1.7

0.3, 8.5

1.6

0.4, 6.7

Preceding birth interval (ref = 2+)

 First birth

1.8***

1.4, 2.4

2.6***

1.9, 3.5

1.0

0.5, 2.2

0.6

0.3, 1.3

 Less than 2 years

1.4**

1.1, 1.9

1.4*

1.1, 1.9

0.5

0.1, 2.3

0.5

0.1, 2.3

Previous child under 5 die (ref = no)

 Yes

2.3***

1.8, 2.8

2.4***

1.9, 3.1

1.1

0.4, 3.2

1.1

0.4, 2.9

Antenatal care (ref = less than 4)

 4 or more visits

0.9

0.6, 1.2

1.0

0.8, 1.4

0.2*

0.0, 0.9

0.2*

0.1, 0.9

Tetanus (ref = fully protected)

 Not fully protected

1.5**

1.2, 1.9

1.3*

1.0, 1.7

n/a

   

Size at birth (ref = normal or large)

 Small or very small

1.9***

1.5, 2.5

1.9***

1.4, 2.5

1.7

0.7, 3.8

1.3

0.5, 3.1

Gender of child (ref = female)

 Male

1.1

0.9, 1.3

1.1

0.9, 1.4

0.6

0.3, 1.4

0.7

0.3, 1.5

Skilled attendant at birth (ref = no)

 Yes

0.7*

0.5, 1.0

0.8

0.6, 1.1

0.1*

0.0, 0.9

0.1*

0.0, 0.9

PNC in 2 days (ref = yes)

 No

2.2***

1.5, 3.2

2.1***

1.5, 3.1

1.5

0.6, 3.9

1.4

0.5, 3.8

Dry or wrapping (ref = immediately)

 Delayed

1.2

0.9, 1.6

1.1

0.8, 1.5

0.7

0.3, 2.0

0.6

0.2, 1.8

 Not dried, don’t know, missing

n/a

 

n/a

 

1.3

0.3, 6.0

0.9

0.2, 4.3

Bathing (ref = delayed)

 Immediately

n/a

 

n/a

 

1.4

0.6, 3.3

  

 Not bathed, don’t know, missing

52.4***

18.2,150.6

  

Skin to skin (ref = yes)

 No*

n/a

   

1.0

0.4, 2.2

0.7

0.3, 1.7

Instrument used to cut the cord (ref = sterile)

 Unclean

1.6*

1.0, 2.7

1.4

0.8, 2.4

2.4*

1.1, 5.4

2.0

0.9, 4.3

 Don’t know

n/a

   

1.4

0.2, 10.5

1.7

0.2, 17.7

Substance put on the stump (ref = nothing)

 Antiseptic only

n/a

   

0.1**

0.0, 0.4

0.2**

0.0, 0.6

 Other

n/a

   

0.6

0.3, 1.5

0.7

0.3, 1.6

 Don’t know or missing

n/a

   

1.7

0.5, 5.3

1.8

0.5, 6.5

ROC

  

0.68

   

0.77

 

Pseudo R2

  

0.04

   

0.09

 
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