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Table 2 Multivariate multilevel logistic regression model of the effects of individual- and community-level factors on child stunting less than five years in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016

From: Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

Individual- and community-level characteristics

Null model

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Empty model

Individual-level variables

Community-level variables

Individual- and community-level variables

AOR(95% CI)

AOR(95% CI)

AOR(95% CI)

Current child age

ā€ƒ0ā€“5 moths (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒ6ā€“11 moths

Ā 

1.29(0.97ā€“1.71)

Ā 

1.27(0.95ā€“1.69)

ā€ƒ12ā€“23 moths

Ā 

5.1***(3.97ā€“6.38)

Ā 

5.04***(3.95ā€“6.41

ā€ƒ24ā€“59 moths

Ā 

10.***(7.78ā€“2.97)

Ā 

10***(7.71ā€“12.98)

Child sex

ā€ƒMale (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒFemale

Ā 

0.85(0.75ā€“0.96)

Ā 

0.85*(0.75ā€“0.94)

Type of birth

ā€ƒMultiple (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒSingle

Ā 

0.53*(0.32ā€“0.89)

Ā 

0.50*(0.30ā€“0.85)

Size of child at birth

ā€ƒLarge (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒMedium

Ā 

1.19*(1.02ā€“1.38)

Ā 

1.20*(1..02ā€“1.40)

ā€ƒSmall

Ā 

1.7***(1.44ā€“2.02)

Ā 

1.68***(1.40ā€“2.00)

Age of Women

ā€ƒ15ā€“24ā€‰years (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒ25ā€“34ā€‰years

Ā 

0.94(.77ā€“1.14)

Ā 

0.96(0.78ā€“1.18)

ā€ƒ35ā€“49ā€‰years

Ā 

0.92(0.70ā€“1.22)

Ā 

0.93(0.71ā€“1.24)

Women education level

ā€ƒNo education (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒPrimary education

Ā 

0.95(0.80ā€“1.12)

Ā 

0.95(0.80ā€“1.13)

ā€ƒSecondary and above

Ā 

0.69*(0.51ā€“0.93)

Ā 

0.73*(0.57ā€“0.95)

Body mass index

ā€ƒOver weight (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒNormal weight

Ā 

1.51**(1.17ā€“01.94)

Ā 

1.34*(1.03ā€“1.75)

ā€ƒUnder weight

Ā 

1.74***(1.32ā€“2.3)

Ā 

1.56**(1.17ā€“2.08)

Number of antenatal care visits

ā€ƒNo visits (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒ1ā€“3 visits

Ā 

1.02(0.87ā€“1.20)

Ā 

0.98(0.84ā€“1.17)

ā€ƒ4ā€“20 visits

Ā 

0.87(.73ā€“1.04)

Ā 

0.83(0.68ā€“1.00)

Place of delivery

ā€ƒInstitution (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒHome

Ā 

1.08(0.92ā€“1.28)

Ā 

1.04(0.87ā€“1.24)

Age of mothers at first birth

ā€ƒ11ā€“18ā€‰years (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒ19ā€“25ā€‰years

Ā 

0.99(.87ā€“1.14)

Ā 

1.02(0.90ā€“1.17)

ā€ƒ26ā€“32ā€‰years

Ā 

1.07(0.76ā€“1.52)

Ā 

1.06(0.74ā€“1.52)

ā€ƒ33ā€“40ā€‰years

Ā 

1.02(0.39ā€“2.65)

Ā 

1.01(0.36ā€“2.80)

Father education level

ā€ƒNo education (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒPrimary education

Ā 

0.83*(0.71ā€“0.96)

Ā 

0.86(0.73ā€“1.00)

ā€ƒSecondary and above

Ā 

0.72**(0.57 0.90)

Ā 

0.85(0.67ā€“1.08)

Wealth index

ā€ƒPoor (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒMiddle

Ā 

0.89(0.75ā€“1.1)

Ā 

0.83(0.68ā€“1.01)

ā€ƒRich

Ā 

0.72***(0.6ā€“0.85)

Ā 

0.66***(0.54ā€“0.79)

Mass media exposure

ā€ƒYes (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒNo

Ā 

1.12(0.90ā€“1.38)

Ā 

0.99(0.79ā€“1.25)

Birth order of the last birth

ā€ƒFirst (reference)

Ā 

1

Ā 

1

ā€ƒ2nd and 3rd

Ā 

0.91(0.74ā€“1.12)

Ā 

0.90(.72ā€“1.12)

ā€ƒ4th and 5th

Ā 

1.04(0.80ā€“1.35)

Ā 

1.05(0.80ā€“1.36)

ā€ƒ6th and above

Ā 

0.97(.72ā€“1.3)

Ā 

0.96(0.71ā€“1.31)

Religion

ā€ƒProtestant (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒMuslim

Ā Ā 

1.33**(1.08ā€“1.64)

1.45**(1.12ā€“1.88)

ā€ƒOrthodox

Ā Ā 

0.98(.79ā€“1.22)

0.94(0.72ā€“1.23)

ā€ƒOthers(catholic, traditional)

Ā Ā 

1.41*(1.01ā€“1.97)

1.66*(1.0ā€“2.57)

Place of residence

ā€ƒUrban (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒRural

Ā Ā 

1.49***(1.22ā€“1.83)

1.29*(1.06ā€“1.58)

Region

ā€ƒAddis Ababa (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒAfar

Ā Ā 

1.84***(1.19ā€“2.85)

1.00(0.58ā€“1.72)

ā€ƒAmhara

Ā Ā 

3.11***(2.09ā€“4.63)

1.88*(1.16ā€“3.07)

ā€ƒOromia

Ā Ā 

1.54*(1.04ā€“2.29)

1.04(0.64ā€“1.69)

ā€ƒSomali

Ā Ā 

0.87(0.57ā€“1.34)

0.71(0.42ā€“1.22)

ā€ƒBenishangul

Ā Ā 

2.11***(1.38ā€“3.21)

1.75*(1.10ā€“2.76)

ā€ƒSNNPR

Ā Ā 

2.01*(1.34ā€“3.02)

1.35(0.82ā€“2.22)

ā€ƒGambella

Ā Ā 

1.13(0.73ā€“1.77)

0.86(0.50ā€“1.49)

ā€ƒHarari

Ā Ā 

1.39(0.89ā€“2.15)

0.92(0.54ā€“1.57)

ā€ƒTigray

Ā Ā 

1.99**(1.29ā€“3.01)

1.76*(1.01ā€“2.92)

ā€ƒDire Dawa

Ā Ā 

1.41*(1.01ā€“1.97)

1.23(0.72ā€“2.11)

Type of drinking water

ā€ƒUnimproved (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒimproved

Ā Ā 

1.01(0.90ā€“1.13)

1.05(0.90ā€“1.22)

Community-level women poverty

ā€ƒLow (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒhigh

Ā Ā 

1.20*(1.03ā€“1.39)

0.92(0.75ā€“1.12)

Community-level women institutional delivery

ā€ƒLow (reference)

Ā Ā 

1

1

ā€ƒhigh

Ā Ā 

0.80**(0.68ā€“0.94)

0.89(0.72ā€“1.09)

Random effect

ā€ƒCommunity-level variance(SE)

0.37***(0.046)

0.21***(.049)

0.19***(.032)

0.17***(0.047)

ā€ƒICC (%)

10.10%

6.00%

5.40%

5.00%

ā€ƒMOR

1.78

1.54

1.51

1.47

ā€ƒPCV

reference

44%

49.80%

53.6%

Model fit statistics

ā€ƒAIC

11,420.09

6373.387

11,050.830

6234.555

ā€ƒBIC

11,434.27

6578.387

11,199.350

6551.946

ā€ƒLog-likelihood

5708.045

3155.693

5504.414

3069.278

  1. Note: *significant at *Pā€‰<ā€‰0.05; ** Pā€‰<ā€‰0.01; *** Pā€‰<ā€‰0.001; AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, AIC Akaike information criterion, BIC Bayesian information criterion, Model 1-Empty (null) model; Model 2- Only individual-level explanatory variables included in the model; Model 3-Only community-level explanatory variables included in the model; Model 4-Combined model; PCV Proportional Change in Variance, MOR Median Odds Ratio