Individual- and community-level characteristics | Null model | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Empty model | Individual-level variables | Community-level variables | Individual- and community-level variables | |
AOR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | AOR(95% CI) | ||
Current child age | ||||
ā0ā5 moths (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
ā6ā11 moths | Ā | 1.29(0.97ā1.71) | Ā | 1.27(0.95ā1.69) |
ā12ā23 moths | Ā | 5.1***(3.97ā6.38) | Ā | 5.04***(3.95ā6.41 |
ā24ā59 moths | Ā | 10.***(7.78ā2.97) | Ā | 10***(7.71ā12.98) |
Child sex | ||||
āMale (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āFemale | Ā | 0.85(0.75ā0.96) | Ā | 0.85*(0.75ā0.94) |
Type of birth | ||||
āMultiple (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āSingle | Ā | 0.53*(0.32ā0.89) | Ā | 0.50*(0.30ā0.85) |
Size of child at birth | ||||
āLarge (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āMedium | Ā | 1.19*(1.02ā1.38) | Ā | 1.20*(1..02ā1.40) |
āSmall | Ā | 1.7***(1.44ā2.02) | Ā | 1.68***(1.40ā2.00) |
Age of Women | ||||
ā15ā24āyears (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
ā25ā34āyears | Ā | 0.94(.77ā1.14) | Ā | 0.96(0.78ā1.18) |
ā35ā49āyears | Ā | 0.92(0.70ā1.22) | Ā | 0.93(0.71ā1.24) |
Women education level | ||||
āNo education (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āPrimary education | Ā | 0.95(0.80ā1.12) | Ā | 0.95(0.80ā1.13) |
āSecondary and above | Ā | 0.69*(0.51ā0.93) | Ā | 0.73*(0.57ā0.95) |
Body mass index | ||||
āOver weight (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āNormal weight | Ā | 1.51**(1.17ā01.94) | Ā | 1.34*(1.03ā1.75) |
āUnder weight | Ā | 1.74***(1.32ā2.3) | Ā | 1.56**(1.17ā2.08) |
Number of antenatal care visits | ||||
āNo visits (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
ā1ā3 visits | Ā | 1.02(0.87ā1.20) | Ā | 0.98(0.84ā1.17) |
ā4ā20 visits | Ā | 0.87(.73ā1.04) | Ā | 0.83(0.68ā1.00) |
Place of delivery | ||||
āInstitution (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āHome | Ā | 1.08(0.92ā1.28) | Ā | 1.04(0.87ā1.24) |
Age of mothers at first birth | ||||
ā11ā18āyears (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
ā19ā25āyears | Ā | 0.99(.87ā1.14) | Ā | 1.02(0.90ā1.17) |
ā26ā32āyears | Ā | 1.07(0.76ā1.52) | Ā | 1.06(0.74ā1.52) |
ā33ā40āyears | Ā | 1.02(0.39ā2.65) | Ā | 1.01(0.36ā2.80) |
Father education level | ||||
āNo education (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āPrimary education | Ā | 0.83*(0.71ā0.96) | Ā | 0.86(0.73ā1.00) |
āSecondary and above | Ā | 0.72**(0.57 0.90) | Ā | 0.85(0.67ā1.08) |
Wealth index | ||||
āPoor (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āMiddle | Ā | 0.89(0.75ā1.1) | Ā | 0.83(0.68ā1.01) |
āRich | Ā | 0.72***(0.6ā0.85) | Ā | 0.66***(0.54ā0.79) |
Mass media exposure | ||||
āYes (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
āNo | Ā | 1.12(0.90ā1.38) | Ā | 0.99(0.79ā1.25) |
Birth order of the last birth | ||||
āFirst (reference) | Ā | 1 | Ā | 1 |
ā2nd and 3rd | Ā | 0.91(0.74ā1.12) | Ā | 0.90(.72ā1.12) |
ā4th and 5th | Ā | 1.04(0.80ā1.35) | Ā | 1.05(0.80ā1.36) |
ā6th and above | Ā | 0.97(.72ā1.3) | Ā | 0.96(0.71ā1.31) |
Religion | ||||
āProtestant (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āMuslim | Ā | Ā | 1.33**(1.08ā1.64) | 1.45**(1.12ā1.88) |
āOrthodox | Ā | Ā | 0.98(.79ā1.22) | 0.94(0.72ā1.23) |
āOthers(catholic, traditional) | Ā | Ā | 1.41*(1.01ā1.97) | 1.66*(1.0ā2.57) |
Place of residence | ||||
āUrban (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āRural | Ā | Ā | 1.49***(1.22ā1.83) | 1.29*(1.06ā1.58) |
Region | ||||
āAddis Ababa (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āAfar | Ā | Ā | 1.84***(1.19ā2.85) | 1.00(0.58ā1.72) |
āAmhara | Ā | Ā | 3.11***(2.09ā4.63) | 1.88*(1.16ā3.07) |
āOromia | Ā | Ā | 1.54*(1.04ā2.29) | 1.04(0.64ā1.69) |
āSomali | Ā | Ā | 0.87(0.57ā1.34) | 0.71(0.42ā1.22) |
āBenishangul | Ā | Ā | 2.11***(1.38ā3.21) | 1.75*(1.10ā2.76) |
āSNNPR | Ā | Ā | 2.01*(1.34ā3.02) | 1.35(0.82ā2.22) |
āGambella | Ā | Ā | 1.13(0.73ā1.77) | 0.86(0.50ā1.49) |
āHarari | Ā | Ā | 1.39(0.89ā2.15) | 0.92(0.54ā1.57) |
āTigray | Ā | Ā | 1.99**(1.29ā3.01) | 1.76*(1.01ā2.92) |
āDire Dawa | Ā | Ā | 1.41*(1.01ā1.97) | 1.23(0.72ā2.11) |
Type of drinking water | ||||
āUnimproved (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āimproved | Ā | Ā | 1.01(0.90ā1.13) | 1.05(0.90ā1.22) |
Community-level women poverty | ||||
āLow (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āhigh | Ā | Ā | 1.20*(1.03ā1.39) | 0.92(0.75ā1.12) |
Community-level women institutional delivery | ||||
āLow (reference) | Ā | Ā | 1 | 1 |
āhigh | Ā | Ā | 0.80**(0.68ā0.94) | 0.89(0.72ā1.09) |
Random effect | ||||
āCommunity-level variance(SE) | 0.37***(0.046) | 0.21***(.049) | 0.19***(.032) | 0.17***(0.047) |
āICC (%) | 10.10% | 6.00% | 5.40% | 5.00% |
āMOR | 1.78 | 1.54 | 1.51 | 1.47 |
āPCV | reference | 44% | 49.80% | 53.6% |
Model fit statistics | ||||
āAIC | 11,420.09 | 6373.387 | 11,050.830 | 6234.555 |
āBIC | 11,434.27 | 6578.387 | 11,199.350 | 6551.946 |
āLog-likelihood | 5708.045 | 3155.693 | 5504.414 | 3069.278 |