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Table 2 Associations between trimester-specific GWG and childhood body-fat compositions

From: Association between trimester-specific gestational weight gain and childhood obesity at 5 years of age: results from Shanghai obesity cohort

Outcomes

 

Gestational weight gain (per 3 kg)

Model 1a

Model 2b

n

1st-trimester

2nd-trimester

3rd-trimester

n

1st-trimester

2nd-trimester

3rd-trimester

Birth to 2 years of age

 LGA

OR (95% CI)

407

1.23 (0.87, 1.74)

2.40 (1.49, 3.87)

1.45 (0.98, 2.15)

407

1.22 (0.87, 1.72)

2.54 (1.56, 4.14)

1.44 (0.97, 2.15)

 BMI SD-scores at 1 year of age

β (95% CI)

257

0.05(−0.02, 0.12)

0.03(− 0.07, 0.13)

− 0.03(− 0.12, 0.06)

231

0.07(− 0.002, 0.15)

0.01(− 0.02, 0.03)

− 0.02(− 0.12, 0.08)

 BMI SD-scores at 2 years of age

β (95% CI)

295

0.08 (0.01, 0.15)

0.07(− 0.02, 0.16)

− 0.01(− 0.09, 0.08)

245

0.12 (0.05, 0.19)

0.06(− 0.03, 0.17)

− 0.02(− 0.12, 0.08)

At 5 years of age

 Overweight/obesity

OR (95% CI)

407

1.25 (1.004, 1.55)

0.94 (0.72, 1.21)

1.33 (1.03, 1.71)

301

1.40 (1.06, 1.86)

1.01 (0.76, 1.48)

1.24 (0.90, 1.70)

 BMI SD-scores

β (95% CI)

407

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

−0.0001(− 0.07, 0.07)

0.06(− 0.01, 0.13)

301

0.13 (0.07, 0.19)

0.05(− 0.04, 0.13)

0.04(− 0.04, 0.13)

 FMI (kg/m2)

β (95% CI)

407

0.16 (0.05, 0.28)

0.001(−0.15, 0.15)

0.14(− 0.01, 0.28)

301

0.25 (0.12, 0.38)

0.11(− 0.07, 0.29)

0.08(− 0.09, 0.25)

 Body fat percentage (%)

β (95% CI)

407

0.68 (0.14, 1.22)

0.10(−0.61, 0.81)

0.68(− 0.01, 1.36)

301

1.04 (0.43, 1.65)

0.51(−0.34, 1.36)

0.47(− 0.31, 1.26)

 FFMI (kg/m2)

β (95% CI)

407

0.04(−0.02, 0.11)

−0.03(− 0.12, 0.06)

0.02(− 0.07, 0.11)

301

0.05(− 0.03, 0.13)

− 0.02(− 0.13, 0.09)

−0.01(− 0.11, 0.10)

 WHtR

β (95% CI)

406

0.004 (0.001, 0.007)

−0.002(− 0.005, 0.002)

0.001(− 0.002, 0.005)

300

0.005 (0.002, 0.008)

0.0003(− 0.005, 0.004)

0.001(− 0.003, 0.005)

  1. LGA large for gestational age, BMI body mass index, FMI fat mass index, FFMI fat free mass index, WHtR waist-height-ratio, OR odds ratio
  2. a Model 1: adjusted for maternal education, age, parity, smoking during pregnancy, annual family income, history of gestational diabetes mellitus and antibiotic use, and offspring sex; all anthropometry outcomes other than LGA were adjusted for mode of delivery
  3. b Model 2: additionally adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and paternal BMI; for all models of body-fat compositions other than LGA were adjusted for duration of breastfeeding. Significant associations are in bold