|
Variable
|
PNAC
|
|---|
|
Yes
|
No
|
P -value
|
|---|
|
Gestational age (weeks)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
26.07 ± 2.23
|
26.78 ± 2.32
|
.035
2
|
|
Birth weight (gram)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
737.68 ± 151.71
|
824.72 ± 160.26
|
.001
2
|
|
Hospital days
|
116.86 ± 56.96
|
94.34 ± 37.46
|
.003
2
|
|
IUGR
|
|
Yes
|
20 (35.7)
|
30 (24.4)
|
.117
1
|
|
No
|
36 (64.3)
|
93 (75.6)
| |
|
Sex
|
|
Male
|
27 (48.2)
|
55 (44.7)
|
.663
1
|
|
Female
|
29 (51.8)
|
68 (55.3)
| |
|
Apgar score 1 min
|
4.38 ± 1.61
|
4.82 ± 1.31
|
.085
2
|
|
Apgar score 5mins
|
6.70 ± 1.29
|
6.93 ± 0.98
|
.230
2
|
|
Ventilator duration (days)
|
55.79 ± 47.23
|
29.26 ± 25.69
|
.000
2
|
|
PDA
|
|
Surgical ligation
|
19 (33.9)
|
22 (17.9)
|
.018
1
|
|
Others
|
37 (66.1)
|
101 (82.1)
| |
|
ROP
|
|
Laser or bevacizumab inj.
|
38 (67.9)
|
59 (48.0)
|
.013
1
|
|
Observation
|
18 (32.1)
|
64 (52.0)
| |
|
Head ultrasonography
|
|
Normal
|
35 (62.5)
|
87 (70.7)
|
.273
1
|
|
Abnormal
|
21 (37.5)
|
36 (29.3)
| |
|
BPD
|
|
Yes
|
45 (80.4)
|
67 (54.5)
|
.001
1
|
|
No
|
11 (19.6)
|
56 (45.5)
| |
|
NEC
|
|
Yes
|
27 (48.2)
|
15 (12.2)
|
.000
1
|
|
No
|
29 (51.8)
|
108 (87.8)
| |
|
Sepsis
|
|
Yes
|
40 (71.4)
|
61 (49.6)
|
.006
1
|
|
No
|
16 (28.6)
|
62 (50.4)
| |
|
GI surgery
|
|
Yes
|
19 (33.9)
|
9 (7.3)
|
.000
1
|
|
No
|
37 (66.1)
|
114 (92.7)
| |
|
TPN days
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
74.13 ± 50.62
|
42.38 ± 31.74
|
.000
2
|
|
Feeding start (days)
|
|
Mean ± SD
|
4.36 ± 3.25
|
3.86 ± 2.60
|
.234
2
|
|
Days to achieve full enteral feeding (days)
|
56.24 ± 22.36
|
35.06 ± 15.95
|
.000
2
|
|
Type of formula
|
|
Breast milk
|
20 (37.7)
|
73 (59.8)
|
.007
1
|
|
Others
|
33 (62.3)
|
49 (40.2)
| |
- Abbreviations: IUGR intrauterine grow retardation, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, ROP retinopathy of prematurity, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, TPN total parenteral nutrition, PNAC parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis
- 1P values were derived from chi-square test
- 2P values were derived from Mann-Whitney’s U test. Shapiro-Wilk’s test was employed for test of normality assumption
