Skip to main content

Table 3 Hierarchical linear regression analysis of the relation of household, maternal, and child-related factors with Hb level (g/dL) (n = 2902)

From: Household, maternal, and child related determinants of hemoglobin levels of Ethiopian children: hierarchical regression analysis

Models

Variables

aβ (95% CI)

P

Model 1

Residence

Rural

Reference

0.799

Urban

0.03 (− 0.20, 0.26)

Region

Pastoral

Reference

< 0.001*

Agrarian

0.64 (0.40, 0.88)

Wealth category

Poor

Reference

 

Middle

0.42 (0.27, 0.58)

< 0.001*

Rich

0.48 (0.33, 0.63)

< 0.001*

Maternal education

Illiterate

Reference

 

Primary

0.00 (−0.14, 0.14)

0.977

Secondary+

0.69 (0.23, 1.16)

0.004*

Model 2a

Water source

Unimproved

Reference

0.846

Improved

0.01 (−0.12, 0.14)

Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

< 18.5

Reference

0.744

≥ 18.5

0.02 (−0.12, 0.17)

Maternal anemia

Anemic

Reference

< 0.001*

Not anemic

0.40 (0.26, 0.53)

Antenatal care visits

< 4

Reference

0.567

≥ 4

0.05 (−0.11, 0.20)

Model 3b

Child sex

Boy

Reference

0.019*

Girl

0.16 (0.03, 0.30)

Child age (months)

< 12

0.72 (0.57, 0.88)

< 0.001

12–23

Reference

Birth size

Small

Reference

 

Average

0.25 (0.08, 0.42)

0.003*

Large

0.15 (−0.03, 0.33)

0.093

Height-for-age

< −2 Z-score

Reference

0.630

≥ −2 Z-score

0.04 (−0.13, 0.21)

Weight-for-age

< −2 Z-score

Reference

0.031*

≥ −2 Z-score

0.22 (0.02, 0.42)

Weight-for-height

< −2 Z-score

Reference

0.438

≥ −2 Z-score

0.09 (−0.13, 0.30)

Infectionc

No

0.18 (0.02, 0.33)

0.025*

Yes

Reference

Currently breastfeeding

No

Reference

0.002*

Yes

0.28 (0.12, 0.44)

Vitamin A supplement

No

Reference

0.021*

Yes

0.17 (0.06, 0.28)

MDDd

No

Reference

0.701

Yes

0.04 (− 0.16, 0.24)

MMFe

No

Reference

0.034*

Yes

0.11 (0.05, 0.16)

  1. aModel 2: adjusted for region, wealth category, and maternal education level
  2. bModel 3: adjusted for region, wealth category, maternal education level, and maternal anemia
  3. cInfection defined as (yes, any one of history of cough, diarrhea or fever in the last two weeks preceding the survey)
  4. dMDD: Minimum dietary diversity (yes) when a child ate from four or more food groups
  5. eMMF: Minimum meal frequency (yes) when a child ate at least three and four times a day for breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding children, respectively
Back to article page

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us