Table 3 Bivariate analysis showing risk factors associated with the occurrence of congenital anomalies
Characteristic | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
 Female (Ref) | |||
 Male | 0.84 | 0.51–1.37 | 0.476 |
Birth weight (kg) | |||
 <1.5 | 0.71 | 0.27–1.85 | 0.480 |
 1.5–2.49 | 1.31 | 0.74–2.32 | 0.356 |
 ≥2.5 (Ref) | |||
Gestational age at birth | |||
 Preterm | 1.29 | 0.64–2.62 | 0.478 |
 Term (Ref) | |||
Maternal age (years) | |||
 ≤20 | 2.69 | 0.63–11.47 | 0.181 |
 21–35 (Ref) |  |  |  |
 >35 | 1.52 | 0.52–4.41 | 0.446 |
Maternal parity | |||
 1–2 (Ref) |  |  |  |
 3–4 | 1.13 | 0.61–2.12 | 0.692 |
 ≥5 | 2.30 | 0.92–5.80 | 0.077 |
Type of gestation | |||
 Singleton (Ref) |  |  |  |
 Multiple | 0.65 | 0.28–1.54 | 0.326 |
Antenatal care | |||
 Yes (Ref) |  |  |  |
 No | 0.78 | 0.30–2.00 | 0.606 |
Self-medication | |||
 Yes | 3.02 | 0.64–14.33 | 0.163 |
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |
Use of herbal preparation | |||
 Yes | 4.08 | 0.44–37.80 | 0.215 |
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |
Maternal febrile illness | |||
 Yes | 1.26 | 0.52–3.07 | 0.615 |
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |
Folic acid use during first trimester | |||
 Yes (Ref) |  |  |  |
 No | 0.54 | 0.16–1.83 | 0.324 |