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Table 3 Regression results for three-level (child-household-district) models of WHZ

From: Multilevel analysis of individual, household, and community factors influencing child growth in Nepal

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Age (months)

–

0.0920 (0.0517)

0.0921 (0.0517)

0.0944 (0.0517)

Age2 (months squared)

–

−0.107** (0.0359)

−0.107** (0.0359)

−0.109** (0.0359)

Female (0/1)

–

0.00719 (0.0230)

0.00744 (0.0229)

0.00635 (0.0229)

Twin (0/1)

–

−0.461*** (0.125)

−0.464*** (0.124)

− 0.465*** (0.124)

Still breastfeeding (0/1)

–

0.325 (0.202)

0.327 (0.202)

0.334 (0.202)

Months breastfeeding (months)

–

−0.374*** (0.107)

−0.376*** (0.107)

− 0.380*** (0.107)

Months breastfeeding2 (months squared)

–

0.159*** (0.0299)

0.159*** (0.0299)

0.161*** (0.0299)

Fever in last two weeks (indicator)

–

−0.135*** (0.0307)

−0.135*** (0.0307)

− 0.138*** (0.0307)

Diarrhea in last two weeks (indicator)

–

−0.126*** (0.0357)

− 0.125*** (0.0357)

−0.124*** (0.0356)

Mother’s education (years)

–

0.0371* (0.0161)

0.0359* (0.0161)

0.0377* (0.0160)

Access to handwashing (indicator)

–

0.0287 (0.0291)

0.0271 (0.0292)

0.0295 (0.0292)

Mother’s BMI (BMI units)

–

0.236*** (0.0133)

0.235*** (0.0133)

0.235*** (0.0132)

Mother’s age at birth (years)

–

−0.0229 (0.0128)

−0.0228 (0.0128)

− 0.0214 (0.0128)

Wealth Index (quintile, 1–5, centered)

–

0.0254* (0.0129)

0.0257* (0.0130)

0.0240 (0.0129)

Water purification (0/1)

–

0.0858 (0.0443)

0.0845 (0.0443)

0.0804 (0.0441)

Year (1 = 2011, 0 = 2006)

–

0.0973*** (0.0283)

0.0893** (0.0301)

0.105*** (0.0317)

Altitude (m.a.s.l.)

–

0.136*** (0.0208)

0.137*** (0.0217)

0.131*** (0.0208)

Mother is a Dalit (0/1)

–

−0.0376 (0.0350)

−0.0372 (0.0351)

−0.0337 (0.0350)

Biomass usage (0/1)

–

0.0554 (0.508)

0.0582 (0.0509)

0.0711 (0.0511)

Constant

−0.739*** (0.0316)

−1.028*** (0.133)

−1.023*** (0.133)

−1.040*** (0.133)

Birth timing controls

Month

Month

Month

Month

Residual variance

0.85*** (0.0244)

0.781*** (0.0225)

0.78*** (0.0225)

0.778*** (0.0224)

District variance

0.0574*** (0.0120)

0.0149** (0.00462)

0.0138** (0.00481)

0.00151 (0.00461)

Household variance

0.263*** (0.0240)

0.233*** (0.0221)

0.231*** (0.0221)

0.23*** (0.0220)

Food shortage† (% reporting shortage)

–

–

0.00263*** (0.00351)

–

Gender equity† (female enrollment ratio)

–

–

0.00174*** (0.00251)

0.000391 (0.00222)

Marginal† (% marginalized)

–

–

–

0.0120*** (0.00670)

Commercial† (% selling food)

–

–

–

3.92e-12*** (2.18e-11)

Hospital distance† (minutes on foot)

–

–

–

0.0130*** (0.00668)

Observations

7533

7533

7533

7533

Total Variance

1.170

1.029

1.025

1.010

Level 1 R-squared

–

0.08

0.08

0.09

Level 3 R-squared

–

0.74

0.76

0.97

Overall R-squared

 

0.12

0.12

0.14

District ICC

0.049

0.015

0.013

0.001

Household ICC

0.274

0.241

0.239

0.229

Log-Likelihood

−11,085.970

−10,705.570

−10,704.630

−10,696.715

AIC

22,179.950

21,479.140

21,481.260

21,469.430

  1. Note: Standard errors presented in parentheses. † indicates variable has been standardized. ODF variable omitted from the WHZ regression
  2. **Denotes statistical significance at the 5% confidence level
  3. ***Denotes statistical significance at the 1% confidence level