Table 2 Regression results for three-level (child-household-district) models of HAZ
| Â | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (months) | – | −0.235*** (0.0583) | −0.233*** (0.0583) | −0.234*** (0.0583) | −0.234*** (0.0582) |
Age2 (months squared) | – | 0.177*** (0.0405) | 0.177*** (0.0405) | 0.178*** (0.0404) | 0.178*** (0.0404) |
Female (0/1) | – | 0.00313 (0.0260) | 0.00476 (0.0260) | 0.00487 (0.0260) | 0.00463 (0.0260) |
Twin (0/1) | – | −0.651*** (0.144) | −0.648*** (0.144) | − 0.643*** (0.144) | −0.644*** (0.143) |
Still breastfeeding (0/1) | – | 0.765*** (0.228) | 0.768*** (0.228) | 0.768*** (0.228) | 0.766*** (0.228) |
Months breastfeeding (months) | – | −0.482*** (0.121) | −0.482*** (0.121) | − 0.481*** (0.121) | −0.480*** (0.121) |
Months breastfeeding2 (months squared) | – | 0.126*** (0.0338) | 0.126*** (0.0338) | 0.126*** (0.0337) | 0.125*** (0.0337) |
Fever in last two weeks (indicator) | – | 0.0245 (0.0350) | 0.0234 (0.0350) | 0.0240 (0.0350) | 0.0239 (0.0350) |
Diarrhea in last two weeks (indicator) | – | −0.0743 (0.0405) | −0.0743 (0.0405) | − 0.0742 (0.0405) | − 0.0737 (0.0405) |
Mother’s education (years) | – | 0.159*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) | 0.161*** (0.0186) |
Access to handwashing (indicator) | – | 0.166*** (0.0339) | 0.160*** (0.0340) | 0.164*** (0.0339) | 0.163*** (0.0339) |
Mother’s BMI (BMI units) | – | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) | 0.113*** (0.0153) |
Mother’s age at birth (years) | – | 0.00285 (0.0147) | 0.00270 (0.0147) | 0.00250 (0.0147) | 0.00240 (0.0147) |
Wealth Index (quintile, 1–5, centered) | – | 0.0870*** (0.0151) | 0.0854*** (0.0152) | 0.0888*** (0.0151) | 0.0884*** (0.0151) |
Water purification (0/1) | – | 0.0603 (0.0515) | 0.0558 (0.0514) | 0.0542 (0.0512) | 0.0569 (0.0512) |
Year (1 = 2011, 0 = 2006) | – | 0.129*** (0.0329) | 0.135*** (0.0372) | 0.125*** (0.0378) | 0.124** (0.0377) |
Altitude (m.a.s.l.) | – | −0.170*** (0.0267) | −0.182*** (0.0282) | − 0.174*** (0.0261) | − 0.179*** (0.0261) |
Mother is a Dalit (0/1) | – | − 0.124** (0.0409) | − 0.132** (0.0410) | −0.122** (0.0409) | − 0.121** (0.0409) |
Biomass usage (0/1) | – | −0.0852 (0.0593) | − 0.0882 (0.0594) | − 0.0752 (0.0595) | − 0.0798 (0.0596) |
Constant | −1.913*** (0.0427) | −2.609*** (0.151) | −2.601*** (0.151) | −2.614*** (0.151) | −2.600*** (0.151) |
Birth timing controls | Month | Month | Month | Month | Month |
Residual variance | 1.367*** (0.0381) | 0.935*** (0.0269) | 0.935*** (0.0270) | 0.935*** (0.0270) | 0.935*** (0.0270) |
District variance | 0.109*** (0.0222) | 0.0333*** (0.0085) | 0.0277** (0.0086) | 0.000352 (0.00573) | 1.71E-15 (8.61e-15) |
Household variance | 0.351*** (0.0360) | 0.395*** (0.0282) | 0.388*** (0.0281) | 0.388*** (0.0281) | 0.388*** (0.0281) |
Food shortage†(% reporting shortage) | – | – | 0.00568*** (0.00490) | – | – |
Gender equity†(female enrollment ratio) | – | – | 0.0091*** (0.0059) | 0.0043*** (0.0054) | 0.0049*** (0.0055) |
Marginal†(% marginalized) | – | – | – | 0.0244*** (0.0114) | 0.0237*** (0.0100) |
Commercial†(% selling food) | – | – | – | 0.0034 (0.0075) | 0.00194 (0.0084) |
Hospital distance†(minutes on foot) | – | – | – | 0.0121*** (0.0092) | 0.0123*** (0.0094) |
ODF free†(% of VDCs) | – | – | – | – | 0.00283*** (0.0038) |
Observations | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 | 7533 |
Total Variance | 1.827 | 1.3633 | 1.3507 | 1.3234 | 1.323 |
Level 1 R-squared | – | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
Level 3 R-squared | – | 0.69 | 0.75 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Overall R-squared | – | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.28 |
District ICC | 0.0597 | 0.0244 | 0.0205 | 0.0003 | 0.0000 |
Household ICC | 0.252 | 0.3144 | 0.3078 | 0.2937 | 0.2932 |
Log-Likelihood | −12,743.5 | −11,696.3 | −11,690.4 | −11,686.2 | −11,685.4 |
AIC | 25,494.95 | 23,460.55 | 23,452.85 | 23,448.44 | 23,448.73 |