Table 2 Distribution of sleep measures at 6-months, 5, 14 and 21 years and overall significance of relationship to smoking (never, smoked postnatally but not in pregnancy and pre-pregnancy, pregnancy+other times)
Maternal Smoking | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Never (n = 2174)% | Smoked postnatally but not in pregnancy and pre-pregnancy (n = 170)% | Smoked in pregnancy + other times (n = 1610) % | P | |
6-months | |||||
Sleeplessness | |||||
Almost everyday | 282 (7.2) | 145 (6.8) | 6 (3.6) | 131 (8.3) | |
Few times a week | 419 (10.7) | 213 (9.9) | 20 (11.9) | 186 (11.7) | |
Few times a month | 458 (11.7) | 264 (12.3) | 19 (11.3) | 175 (11.0) | |
Few times Rarely/never | 2744 (70.3) | 1527 (71.1) | 113 (73.2) | 1094 (68.9) | 0.083 |
5-years (past year) | |||||
Trouble sleeping | |||||
often | 108 (2.7) | 52 (2.4) | 4 (2.4) | 52 (3.3) | |
sometimes | 839 (21.3) | 453 (20.9) | 31 (18.2) | 355 (22.2) | |
rarely/never | 2996 (76.0) | 1666 (76.7) | 135 (79.4) | 1195 (74.6) | 0.302 |
14 years (mother) | |||||
Trouble sleeping | |||||
often | 69 (1.7) | 40 (1.8) | 4 (2.3) | 25 (1.6) | |
sometimes | 513 (12.9) | 272 (12.5) | 29 (17.0) | 212 (13.1) | |
rarely/never | 387 (85.3) | 1873 (85.7) | 138 (80.7) | 1376 (85.30) | 0.426 |
Sleeps less | |||||
often | 92 (2.3) | 48 (2.2) | 6 (3.5) | 38 (2.4) | |
sometimes | 379 (9.5) | 183 (8.4) | 23 (13.5) | 173 (10.7) | |
rarely/never | 3503 (88.2) | 1956 (89.4) | 142 (83.0) | 1405 (86.9) | 0.032 |
Nightmares | |||||
often | 35 (0.9) | 15 (0.7) | 4 (2.4) | 16 (1.0) | |
sometimes | 592 (14.9) | 306 (14.0) | 26 (15.3) | 260 (16.1) | |
rarely/never | 3341 (84.2) | 1865 (85.3) | 140 (82.3) | 1336 (82.9) | 0.063 |
Talks/walks | |||||
often | 133 (3.4) | 49 (2.2) | 8 (4.7) | 76 (4.7) | |
sometimes | 952 (24.0) | 498 (22.8) | 37 (21.6) | 417 (25.9) | |
rarely/never | 2881 (72.6) | 1636 (74.9) | 126 (73.7) | 1119 (69.4) | < 0.001 |
Sleeps more | |||||
often | 96 (2.4) | 54 (2.5) | 2 (1.2) | 40 (2.5) | |
sometimes | 572 (14.4) | 282 (12.9) | 28 (16.4) | 262 (16.2) | 0.044 |
rarely/never | 3300 (83.2) | 1845 (84.6) | 141 (82.5) | 1314 (81.3) | |
Overtired | |||||
often | 134 (3.4) | 76 (3.5) | 5 (3.0) | 53 (3.3) | |
sometimes | 1630 (41.2) | 897 (41.1) | 80 (47.1) | 653 (40.6) | |
rarely/never | 2197 (55.5) | 1210 (55.4) | 85 (50.0) | 902 (56.1) | 0.594 |
Snoring | |||||
Yes | 932 (23.5) | 463 (21.3) | 53 (30.8) | 416 (25.8) | |
No | 3032 (76.5) | 1715 (78.7) | 119 (69.2) | 1198 (74.2) | < 0.001 |
14 years (youth) | |||||
Trouble sleeping | |||||
often | 216 (5.8) | 127 (6.1) | 7 (4.2) | 82 (5.5) | |
sometimes | 1276 (34.1) | 681 (32.6) | 61 (36.8) | 534 (36.1) | |
rarely/never | 2246 (60.1) | 1284 (61.4) | 98 (59.0) | 864 (58.4) | 0.200 |
Sleep less | |||||
often | 304 (7.7) | 152 (7.0) | 13 (7.6) | 139 (8.6) | |
sometimes | 1199 (30.3) | 662 (30.5) | 51 (30.2) | 486 (30.2) | |
rarely/never | 2450 (62.0) | 1356 (62.5) | 107 (62.6) | 987 (61.2) | 0.485 |
Nightmares | |||||
often | 107 (2.7) | 46 (2.1) | 6 (3.5) | 55 (3.4) | |
sometimes | 971 (24.6) | 502 (23.1) | 43 (25.3) | 426 (26.5) | |
never | 2876 (72.7) | 1626 (74.8) | 121 (71.2) | 1129 (70.1) | 0.010 |
Sleeps more | |||||
often | 282 (7.1) | 144 (6.7) | 8 (4.7) | 130 (8.1) | |
sometimes | 1183 (30.0) | 664 (30.7) | 50 (29.2) | 469 (29.1) | |
rarely/never | 2484 (62.9) | 1358 (62.7) | 113 (66.1) | 1013 (62.8) | 0.269 |
Overtired | |||||
often | 380 (9.6) | 20 (9.5) | 11 (6.5) | 164 (10.2) | |
sometimes | 1983 (50.3) | 1089 (50.3) | 94 (55.3) | 800 (49.8) | |
rarely/never | 1578 (40.0) | 872 (40.3) | 65 (38.2) | 641 (39.9) | 0.482 |
21 years | (n = 1611) | (n = 100) | (n = 1081) | ||
Trouble sleeping | |||||
often | 366 (13.1) | 192 (11.9) | 13 (13.0) | 161 (14.9) | |
somewhat | 1090 (38.0) | 635 (39.4) | 39 (39.0) | 416 (38.5) | |
not true | 1336 (47.9) | 784 (48.7) | 48 (48.0) | 504 (46.6) | 0.279 |
Nightmares | |||||
often | 110 (3.9) | 56 (3.5) | 3 (3.0) | 51 (4.7) | |
somewhat | 592 (21.2) | 320 (19.9) | 11 (11.0) | 261 (24.1) | |
not true | 2089 (74.9) | 1234 (6.7) | 86 (86.0) | 769 (71.1) | 0.001 |
Overtired | |||||
often | 387 (13.9) | 220 (13.7) | 15 (15.3) | 152 (14.0) | |
somewhat | 1310 (47.0) | 761 (47.5) | 43 (43.9) | 506 (46.5) | |
not true | 1093 (39.2) | 622 (38.8) | 40 (40.8) | 431 (39.6) | 0.952 |
Restless sleep | |||||
Three+ per week | 444 (16.0) | 238 (15.0) | 15 (15.0) | 191 (17.7) | |
Once or twice/week | 940 (34.0) | 534 (33.6) | 24 (24.0) | 382 (35.4) | |
< once/week | 1385 (50.0) | 819 (51.5) | 61 (61.0) | 505 (46.9) | 0.017 |
Night walking | |||||
Three+ per week | 541 (19.6) | 303 (19.0) | 13 (13.4) | 225 (20.9) | |
Once or twice/week | 612 (22.1) | 343 (21.6) | 22 (23.7) | 247 (22.9) | |
< once/week | 1613 (58.3) | 946 (59.4) | 62 (63.9) | 605 (56.2) | 0.252 |
Drowsy at daytime | |||||
Three+ per week | 636 (22.9) | 363 (22.8) | 16 (16.2) | 257 (23.8) | |
Once or twice/week | 1136 (40.9) | 642 (40.3) | 42 (42.4) | 452 (41.8) | |
< once/week | 1003 (36.1) | 590 (37.0) | 41 (41.4) | 372 (34.4) | 0.314 |
Trouble staying awake | |||||
At least once/week | 229 (8.6) | 140 (8.7) | 4 (4.0) | 85 (7.8) | |
< once/week | 621 (22.2) | 386 (23.9) | 21 (20.8) | 214 (19.6) | |
No | 1954 (69.7) | 1087 (69.4) | 76 (75.3) | 791 (72.6) | 0.044 |
Sleep quality | |||||
Largely bad | 82 (2.9) | 38 (2.4) | 3 (3.2) | 41 (3.8) | |
Fairly bad | 452 (16.1) | 257 (16.0) | 11 (10.9) | 184 (16.9) | |
Fairly/very good | 2268 (81.0) | 1315 (81.7) | 87 (86.1) | 866 (79.4) | 0.226 |
Snoring | |||||
Three+/week | 183 (6.7) | 100 (6.4) | 3 (3.1) | 80 (7.5) | |
Once to twice/week | 232 (8.5) | 126 (8.0) | 8 (8.3 | 98 (9.2) | |
< Once/week | 2319 (84.8) | 1344 (85.6) | 86 (88.7 | 889 (83.3) | 0.316 |