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Table 2 Bivariable associations with recurrent severe anemia

From: Risk factors for recurrent severe anemia among previously transfused children in Uganda: an age-matched case-control study

Variable

Study category

Cases N = 101

Controls N = 95

*Crude odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Socio-demographics

Age in months, mean (SD)

32.2 (14.3)

30.3 (14.5)

  

Sex, n (%)

 Female

38 (40.0)

43 (42.6)

1.00

 

 Male

57 (60.0)

58 (57.4)

0.92 (0.45,1.85)

0.805

Occupation of caregiver, n (%)

 Un-employed

76 (75.2)

72 (75.8)

1.00

 

 Employed

25 (24.8)

23 (24.2)

0.94 (0.43,2.04)

0.879

Highest education level of mother, n (%)

 None and primary

78 (77.2)

66 (69.5)

1.00

 

 Secondary and above

23 (22.8)

29 (30.5)

0.88 (0.42,1.84)

0.727

Mother’s age, n (%)

  ≤ 28 years

51 (56.0)

46 (54.8)

1.00

 

  ≥ 29 years

40 (44.0)

38 (45.2)

0.58 (0.66,1.27)

0.173

No. of children in household, n (%)

  ≤ 2

24 (23.8)

22 (23.2)

1.00

 

  ≥ 3

77 (76.2)

73 (76.8)

0.90 (0.40,2.01)

0.802

Total no. of people in household, n (%)

  ≤ 7

61 (60.4)

64 (67.4)

1.00

 

  ≥ 8

40 (39.6)

31 (32.6)

1.05 (0.52,2.11)

0.895

No. of meals per day, n (%)

  ≤ 2

25 (41.7)

29 (67.4)

1.00

 

  ≥ 3

35 (58.3)

14 (32.6)

1.73 (0.67,4.50)

0.258

History

 Passage of dark or red-colored urine, n (%)

  No

61 (60.4)

90 (94.7)

1.00

 

  Yes

40 (39.4)

5 (5.3)

14.7 (3.34,64.80)

< 0.001

 ACTs use prior to admission, n (%)

  No

66 (65.5)

79 (83.2)

1.00

 

  Yes

35 (34.7)

16 (16.8)

2.67 (1.21,5.91)

0.015

 Malarial anemia at most recent admission

  No

25 (25.0)

18 (18.9)

1.00

 

  Yes

75 (75.0)

77 (81.1)

0.39 (0.15,0.98)

0.044

 History of other previous admissions

  No

36 (35.6)

59 (62.1)

1.00

 

  Yes

65 (64.4)

36 (37.9)

2.96 (1.59,5.52)

< 0.001

 History of earlier previous transfusions

  No

52 (51.5)

78 (82.1)

1.00

 

  Yes

49 (48.5)

17 (17.9)

4.32 (2.15,8.82)

< 0.001

At current admission

 Malaria diagnosis

  No

33 (32.7)

45 (47.4)

1.00

 

  Yes

68 (67.3)

50 (52.6)

2.19 (1.08,4.45)

0.030

 Suspected bacteremia diagnosis

  No

55 (54.5)

67 (70.5)

1.00

 

  Yes

46 (45.5)

28 (29.5)

1.93 (0.97,3.84)

0.060

 Hemoglobinuria diagnosis

  No

63 (62.4)

90 (94.6)

1.00

 

  Yes

38 (37.6)

5 (5.3)

12.18 (3.40,43.65)

< 0.001

 ǂ Sickle cell status, newly diagnosed

  Normal (Hb-AA)

47 (73.4)

42 (84)

1.00

 

  Sickle cell trait (Hb-AS)

8 (12.5)

2 (4)

1.44 (0.24,8.71)

0.692

  Sickle cell anemia (Hb-SS)

9 (14.1)

6 (12.0)

4.21 (1.03,17.13)

0.045

 Reticulocyte production index

   > 2

20 (37.7)

14 (37.8)

1.00

 

   ≤ 2

33 (62.3)

23 (62.2)

1.40 (0.37,5.22)

0.621

 MUAC, n (%)

   ≤ 12.5 cm

9 (9.1)

5 (5.3)

1.00

 

   > 12.6 cm

90 (90.9)

89 (94.7)

0.41 (0.10,1.73)

0.223

 ABO blood grouping

  Group O

36 (50.0)

28 (50.0)

1.00

 

  Non- group O

36 (50.0)

28 (50.0)

1.02 (0.41,2.57)

0.963

 MCV

   > 70 fl

41 (100)

36 (94.7)

  

   ≤ 70 fl

0 (0)

2 (5.3)

  
  1. * OR by McNemar method, ǂ114 samples tested, Group A = 28, B = 30, AB = 6 among 128 tested, no stat test done here