High rate of antibiotic resistance among pneumococci carried by healthy children in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Table 2 Socio-demographic and medical factors related to nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in children living in eastern DR Congo

Socio-demographic factors:	N carrier/N (%)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Socio-demographic factors:	N carrier/N (%)	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age in months
< 6	29/302 (9.6)	1.00
6–12	46/184 (25)	1.41 (0.85–2.36)	0.170	0.14 (0.08–0.26)	0.750
> 12–24	32/125 (26)	2.12 (1.25–3.62)	0.005	0.77 (0.44–1.36)	0.381
> 24–60	56/183 (31)	3.45 (2.19–5.44)	< 0.0001	0.90 (0.48–1.68)	< 0.0001
Sex, male	91/402 (23)	1.30 (0.92–1.84)	0.13	1.17 (0.78–1.77)	0.437
Living in rural area	98/355 (28)	2.51 (1.67–3.77)	< 0.0001	0.57 (0.33–0.97)	0.039
No of people sleeping in the same room as the child
< 3	3/31 (9.7)	1.00
≥ 3	74/253 (29)		0.018	1.27 (0.45–3.55)	0.644
Enclosed kitchen^a (N = 77)	43/77 (56)	6.47 (3.62–11.56)	< 0.0001	10.18 (4.93–21.02)	< 0.0001
Medical factors
Undernutrition^b (N = 286)	83/286 (29)	2.18 (1.54–3.10)	< 0.0001	0.48 (0.32–0.73)	0.001
Current fever^c (N = 22)	14/22 (64)	5.52 (2.21–13.78)	< 0.0001	7.96 (2.38–26.58)	0.001
Previous hospitalisation (N = 74)	27/74 (36)	1.83 (1.04–3.25)	0.035	1.61 (0.72–3.59)	0.244
Antibiotics last month (N = 55)	23/55 (42)	2.32 (1.25–4.31)	0.006	2.42 (1.07–5.45)	0.033
Neonatal problems^d (n = 284)	22/51 (43.1)	2.45 (1.30–4.61)	0.004	1.27 (0.53–3.02)	0.580
PCV13 immunisation
2 or 3 doses (n = 646^e)	9/283 (3.2)	1.00
1 dose (n = 773)	46/159 (29)	12.39 (5.87–26.16)	< 0.0001	30.12 (14.36–63)	< 0.0001
0 dose (n = 773)	108/331 (33)	13.47 (6.68–27.17)	< 0.0001	20.57 (9.41–44.96)	< 0.0001

^aEnclosed kitchen = Kitchen with an open fire located inside the house directly connected to the living room and/or the bedrooms
^bUndernutrition = weight for age or weight for height as a Z score ≤ −2 standard deviations, determined by ENA for smart software 2011
^cFever = 37.5–39.0 °C
^dNeonatal problems = neonatal hospitalisation, neonatal asphyxia or neonatal resuscitation
^e645 = the number of children that were supposed to be given ≥2 doses of PCV13 when they were older than 10 weeks or two and a half months

ISSN: 1471-2431