Table 2 Measurement time points and outcome measures
Measurement points | Test instruments | Outcome measure | Details/Source |
|---|---|---|---|
1. Pre-test At the beginning of the school year Intervention-and Control-Group | 1. Clinical orthopaedic examination | Body weight, body height Orthopaedic abnormalities of the spine Posture Test: Matthiass-Test | Â |
2. Health questionnaire | Anamnestic questions How often do you have back pain? | Descriptive Data | |
3. Motor Tests | Push-ups Sit-ups Balance test Stand and Reach Hanging on wall bars | Posture Test for children [16] see above see above see above Munich fitness test [17] | |
4. Back-behaviour Trial | Back pack handling Demonstrate sitting postures Demonstrate strengthening exercises Carrying a water crate | Â | |
5. Knowledge Test | 12 questions on healthy back knowledge | Â | |
2. Mid-term evaluation After 4Â months Intervention group only | Back-behaviour Trial Knowledge Test | Â | Â |
3. Post-test At the end of the school year Intervention- and Control-Group | 1. Clinical orthopaedic examination 2. Health questionnaire 3. Motor Tests 4. Back-behaviour Trial 5. Knowledge Test | Â | Â |