Table 1 Socio-demographic, anthropometric and cardiometabolic status amongst adolescents (n = 1047) in KSA by MUO or MHO status

MUO

(n = 828)

MHO

(n = 219)

p-value

MUO

(n = 798)

MHO

(n = 249)

p-value

 Age (years)

15.88 ± 1.85

15.41 ± 1.86

0.0008

15.77 ± 1.85

15.81 ± 1.91

0.81

  Males

534 (64.5)

121 (55.3)

0.01

520 (65.2)

135 (54.2)

0.002

  Females

294 (35.5)

98 (44.8)

278 (34.8)

114 (45.8)

  Elementary or less

145 (19.7)

35 (18)

0.84

128 (18.1)

52 (23.2)

0.17

  Intermediate-high school

331 (45)

91 (46.7)

330 (46.7)

92 (41.1)

  University or higher

259 (35.2)

69 (35.4)

248 (35.1)

80 (35.7)

  Elementary or less

251 (33.7)

57 (28.9)

0.45

235 (32.8)

73 (32.2)

0.82

  Intermediate- high school

291 (39)

81 (41.1)

285 (39.8)

87 (38.3)

  University or higher

204 (27.4)

59 (30)

196 (27.4)

67 (29.5)

 Height (cm)

162.78 ± 10.43

158.08 ± 11.42

< 0.0001

162.2 ± 10.97

160.5 ± 10.2

0.03

 Weight (kg)

88.45 ± 17.4

77.11 ± 14.27

< 0.0001

86.94 ± 17.63

83.31 ± 16.4

0.004

 BMI (kg/m²)

33.28 ± 5.43

30.76 ± 4.25

< 0.0001

32.93 ± 5.44

32.19 ± 4.79

0.04

 BMI Z score

2.82 ± 0.75

2.5 ± 0.57

< 0.0001

2.78 ± 0.74

2.67 ± 0.66

0.02

 WC (cm)

93.32 ± 18.78

80.97 ± 16.84

< 0.0001

91.08 ± 19.55

89.65 ± 17.37

0.27

 Elevated WC

447 (54.0)

0 (0.0)

< 0.0001

357 (44.7)

90 (36.1)

0.02

 SBP (mm Hg)

127.66 ± 11.96

118.05 ± 7.8

< 0.0001

128.6 ± 11.32

116.19 ± 8.08

< 0.0001

 DBP (mm Hg)

72.84 ± 10.85

67.75 ± 8.7

< 0.0001

73.37 ± 10.88

66.64 ± 7.9

< 0.0001

 TC (mmol/L)

4.35 ± 0.78

4.24 ± 0.62

0.04

4.36 ± 0.77

4.2 ± 0.66

0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.13 ± 0.23

1.29 ± 0.2

< 0.0001

1.13 ± 0.24

1.27 ± 0.19

< 0.0001

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.79 ± 0.7

2.63 ± 0.6

0.001

2.8 ± 0.69

2.63 ± 0.64

0.0007

 TG (mmol/L)

1.26 ± 0.76

0.87 ± 0.29

< 0.0001

1.3 ± 0.76

0.79 ± 0.21

< 0.0001

 Glucose (mmol/L)

4.62 ± 0.96

4.41 ± 0.67

0.0003

4.63 ± 0.97

4.4 ± 0.67

< 0.0001