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Table 2 Candidate biomarkers for environmental enteropathy

From: Identifying the etiology and pathophysiology underlying stunting and environmental enteropathy: study protocol of the AFRIBIOTA project

Candidate biomarkers

Pathophysiological change measured

Sample type needed for analysis

Lactitol-mannitol test

Intestinal permeability

Urine

Citrulline

Villous atrophy

Blood

α anti-trypsin

Altered intestinal barrier

Faeces

Calprotectin

Mucosal inflammation

Faeces

C reactive protein (CRP)

Systemic inflammation

Blood

Endotoxine (circulating LPS)

Bacterial leakage into the systemic circuit (intestinal permeability)

Faeces

Immunoglobulines

Adaptive immune response

Blood, faeces, duodenal aspirates

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

Too important bacterial load in the small intestine

Duodenal aspirates

Specific bacteria or eukaryotes

Disturbances in the gut ecosystem

Faeces, duodenal and gastric aspirates

Specific bile acid profiles

Disturbances in the gut ecosystem

Faeces, duodenal and gastric aspirates