Candidate biomarkers | Pathophysiological change measured | Sample type needed for analysis |
---|---|---|
Lactitol-mannitol test | Intestinal permeability | Urine |
Citrulline | Villous atrophy | Blood |
α anti-trypsin | Altered intestinal barrier | Faeces |
Calprotectin | Mucosal inflammation | Faeces |
C reactive protein (CRP) | Systemic inflammation | Blood |
Endotoxine (circulating LPS) | Bacterial leakage into the systemic circuit (intestinal permeability) | Faeces |
Immunoglobulines | Adaptive immune response | Blood, faeces, duodenal aspirates |
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth | Too important bacterial load in the small intestine | Duodenal aspirates |
Specific bacteria or eukaryotes | Disturbances in the gut ecosystem | Faeces, duodenal and gastric aspirates |
Specific bile acid profiles | Disturbances in the gut ecosystem | Faeces, duodenal and gastric aspirates |