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Table 2 Model-derived adjusted mean and difference in BMI z-score and annual rate of BMI z-score change from 4-weeks to 5 years of age according to children’s overweight/obesity status at 8 years of age: The HOME Study a, b, c

From: Patterns of early life body mass index and childhood overweight and obesity status at eight years of age

Group-Time

Mean BMI Z-Score (95% CI)

Difference in BMI Z-score vs. Normal Weight (95% CI)d

p-valuee

Difference in BMI Z-score vs. Overweight (95% CI)f

p-valueg

Annual BMI Z-score Change (95% CI)h

p-valuei

p-valuej

Normal Weight-4 weeks

− 0.34 (− 0.48, − 0.20)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Normal Weight-1 year

0.07 (− 0.07, 0.20)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.41 (0.28, 0.53)

N/A

N/A

Normal Weight-2 year

0.20 (0.05, 0.35)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.13 (0.09, 0.18)

N/A

N/A

Normal Weight-3 year

0.14 (0, 0.27)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

−0.06 (−0.11, −0.02)

N/A

N/A

Normal Weight-4 year

0 (−0.12, 0.12)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

−0.13 (− 0.19, − 0.08)

N/A

N/A

Normal Weight-5 year

− 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.03)

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

−0.08 (− 0.13, − 0.02)

N/A

N/A

Overweight-4 weeks

0.23 (− 0.02, 0.48)

0.57 (0.29, 0.86)

0.0001

Ref

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Overweight-1 year

0.79 (0.57, 1.00)

0.72 (0.47, 0.97)

<.0001

Ref

N/A

0.55 (0.34, 0.76)

0.2403

N/A

Overweight-2 year

1.00 (0.76, 1.23)

0.8 (0.53, 1.07)

<.0001

Ref

N/A

0.21 (0.13, 0.30)

0.115

N/A

Overweight-3 year

0.97 (0.75, 1.18)

0.83 (0.58, 1.08)

<.0001

Ref

N/A

−0.03 (−0.11, 0.05)

0.4678

N/A

Overweight-4 year

0.87 (0.66, 1.07)

0.87 (0.64, 1.09)

<.0001

Ref

N/A

−0.1 (− 0.18, − 0.02)

0.4863

N/A

Overweight-5 year

0.87 (0.68, 1.05)

0.94 (0.73, 1.15)

<.0001

Ref

N/A

0 (−0.09, 0.09)

0.1706

N/A

Obese-4 weeks

0.12 (−0.21, 0.45)

0.46 (0.10, 0.82)

0.0131

−0.11 (− 0.53, 0.31)

0.6072

N/A

N/A

N/A

Obese-1 year

0.85 (0.50, 1.19)

0.78 (0.41, 1.15)

<.0001

0.06 (−0.35, 0.47)

0.7728

0.73 (0.44, 1.01)

0.0477

0.3459

Obese-2 year

1.49 (0.96, 2.02)

1.29 (0.74, 1.84)

<.0001

0.49 (−0.09, 1.07)

0.0975

0.64 (0.37, 0.91)

0.0003

0.0032

Obese-3 year

1.98 (1.24, 2.71)

1.84 (1.10, 2.59)

<.0001

1.01 (0.24, 1.78)

0.0105

0.49 (0.21, 0.77)

0.0002

0.0005

Obese-4 year

2.31 (1.48, 3.15)

2.31 (1.47, 3.16)

<.0001

1.45 (0.59, 2.31)

0.0012

0.34 (0.16, 0.51)

<.0001

<.0001

Obese-5 year

2.49 (1.81, 3.18)

2.57 (1.87, 3.27)

<.0001

1.63 (0.92, 2.34)

< 0.0001

0.18 (−0.05, 0.41)

0.0344

0.1593

  1. aAdjusted for maternal race, education, marital status, age at delivery, household income, and breastfeeding duration
  2. bOverweight and obesity status at age 8 years was defined as having age- and sex-specific BMI z-scores > 1 and > 2 according to WHO references, respectively
  3. c142, 51, and 22 children were normal weight, overweight, or obese, respectively, and they contributed 732, 235, and 103 repeated BMI z-scores
  4. dAdjusted mean difference in BMI z-score at each age among children who were obese or overweight at age 8 years vs. children who were normal weight at age 8 years
  5. e p-value for the mean difference in BMI z-score at each age among children who were obese or overweight at age 8 years vs. children who were normal weight at age 8 years
  6. fAdjusted mean difference in BMI z-score at each age among children who were obese at age 8 years vs. children who were overweight at age 8 years
  7. gp-value for the mean difference in BMI z-score at each age among children who were obese at age 8 years vs. children who were overweight at age 8 years
  8. hAdjusted annual rate of change in BMI z-score between the prior measurement and the current measurement
  9. ip-value for the difference in the adjusted annual rate of change in BMI z-score among children who were obese or overweight at age 8 years vs. children who were normal weight at age 8 years
  10. jp-value for the difference in the adjusted annual rate of change in BMI z-score among children who were obese at age 8 years vs. children who were overweight at age 8 years